THE 



Agricultural and Mineral Resources 



MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO, 



AND THK 



ADVANTAGES OF ZANESVILLI 

(ITS CAPITAL TOWN,) 



PLACE FOR RESIDENCE AND BUSINESS, 



AND AS A 



Commercial and Manufacturing City. 



Prepared by direction of the Board of Trade. 



ZANESVILLE, OHIO: 

XKWMAN' & D(ll>D PUINIKKS, 1>AILY COURIER .lOK OFFICK, NO. l^?> MAIN .STRKF/J'. 

1874. 




Pr,/,a„a /,,, aariira^ .V-M. I -..r/iiM/y/, . 1 / /'/„/„J^if,/Ua- . 



T H 5 



Agricultural and Mineral Resources 



OF 




USKINGUM LOUNTY, (JHIO 



AND THE 



^ 




Sjrw'*"^ 



(ITS CAPITAL TOWN,) 



PLACE FOR RESIDENCE AND BUSINESS, 



AXD AS A 



lA 



Commercial and Manufacturing City, 



Prepared by direction of the Board of Trade. 




ZANESVILLE, OHIO: "*"' 

KKW^IAJir ■& rroiXD YRTXTEK'^, DATXY CforKlER JOK OFFICE, XO. 133 MAIN ST. 

I'sV*. 



BOARD OF TRADE. 



OFFICERS FOR 1876. 



President, 

Vice PRESIDENTf 

Treasurer 
Secretary. 



WILLIAM H. HURD. 

CHAKLES H. JONES. 
FRANCIS WEDGE. 
C. STOLZENBACH. 

T. S. BLACK. 

W. W. PYLE. 



THOS. GRIFFITH, 
C. C. RUSSELL. 
PETER BLACK. 
E. E. FILLMORE, 



DIRECTORS. 

JAMES BUCKINGHAM. 
T. E. STURGEON. 
W. P. BROW^N. 
JOHN HOGE, 
ALEXANDER JOHNSTON. 



Correspf)iideiice Solicited by the Seeretarj". 






f 



• ,>«k#>B.^^ri' 



III 



?^*^' 



m> 






ll|l^<l^ 



OiFIPIOEI^S :F0K> 1874, 



President, 

Vice Prksident-s, 



C. C. RUSSELL. 

( T. E. STURGEON. 
\ VV. A. GRAHAM. 
( T. J. MAGLNNIS. 

Treasukek. - - - - T M. GATTRELL. 

Secretary. . . . . . \\ . W. PYLE. 

THOS. GRIFFITH, C. STOLZENBACH. 

C. VV. POTVVIN. A. E. COOK, 

PETER BLACK, VV. H. JONES, 

TAMES HERDMAN, A. C. ROSS, 

R. B. l^AILEY. 

^iff^'ConespcMuleiiCf Solicited by the Secretary. 



PREFACE. 



This Pamphlet has been prepared at the instance of " the Board 
of Trade,"' of Zanesville, Ohio, a citizens' association, organized for 
the purpose of fostering, protecting and advancing, the manufactur- 
ing and commercial interests of the city and vicinity. Its purpose 
is to present a statement of the agricultural and mineral resources 
of Muskingum County, with some account of the advantages, capa- 
bilities, commercial and manufacturing interests, rail road and water 
facilities, prospects and attractions, etc., etc., of Zanesville, its capital 
town. The effort has been to furnish information fully and entirely 
reliable. The public may rest assured that any statement herein 
contained can be depended upon. All exaggerated accounts of the 
resources of the County, and the advantages of the city for trade 
and the employment of capital, have been carefully avoided. Each 
citizen is suj^posed to possess a certam degree of pride in the j^lace 
of his nativity or adoption, and this is pardonable ; — it is, indeed, 
praiseworthy : but this should not exist to an extent to mislead 
strangers, or give a coloring not warranted by facts. The want of 
correct information on the part of capitalists seeking investments' 
or persons on the lookout for new homes, is a matter of no small 
consequence. It is a matter of remark, too, that, in respect to this 
community, such information has not hitherto been furnished, and 
it exhibits, on the part of its citizens, a neglect of duty in not mak- 
ing known, in a proper manner, the advantages for the employment 
of capital and skilled labor, and the attractions for residence, Avhich 
here exist. A generous criticism of the matter contained in the fol- 
lowing i)ages is demanded, and if the information furnished shall 



ir PREFACE. 

cause any citizen, particularly those who are just engaging in busi- 
ness pursuits, to feel that in the scuffle of life the home he now has, 
all things considered, ma}' be as advantageous and attractive as can 
be afforded in any other locality, or be the means of directing hither 
t!ie footstejDS of any one seeking a place for residence, or business, 
or the investment of capital, or all these combined, the piu'pose for 
which this Pamphlet has been prejDared is accomjDlished. Its aim, 
further than this, is unpretentious — the subject might have been 
elaborated into a volume, but enough is presented to meet the de- 
mands of the inquiring. 

The attention of capitalists and manufacturers is particularly in- 
vited to the chapters on the minerals of Miiskingum County, and 
also to the chapters on Zanes^dlle as a manufacturing and as a com- 
mercial city. 



PART I. 
MUSKINGUM COUNTY. 



CHAPTER I. 



Peelimtxary Sketch — GEOcnAPHicAL Position — Aeea — Population — 
Pbincipal To\\'ns — Surface — AVater Drainage — Physical Fea- 



tures. 



Frdiminary Sketch. — Tlie act of tlie General Assembly of Ohio, 
creating the county of Muskingum, bears date March 1, 1804, one 
year and three months after the formation of the first Constitution 
of the State. The county "was carved out of territory which, prior 
to the above date, was a part of the Counties of Fairfield and Wash- 
ington. Muskingum included in its original limits what is now 
Coshocton, and portions of Holmes, Tuscarawas, Guernsey, Perry 
and Morgan Counties. Muskingum is an Indian word, and its 
meaning is somewhat in doubt. One legend has it that the word 
means an "Elk's Eye," or "the glare of an Elk's Eye," while another 
defines the word "a town on the river side." The County is named 
after the river which passes through it. Muskingum, it will be seen, 
is one of the oldest Counties in Ohio, almost as old as the State it- 
self, but its history, further than this preliminary sketch, is foreign 
to the present purj)ose. 

Geographical Position . — Muskingum Coimty is situated in the South 
eastern section of Oliio. The line of the 40th j^arallel of North Lati 
. tude passes about midway across the County. It is also situated in 
almost the middle of the coal producing Counties of the State, num- 
bering some twenty- five in number, and constituting a belt or sec- 
tion bounded on the South-east by the Ohio river, and ha-vdng for 
their upper margin the Counties of Lawrence, Jackson, Vinton, 
Hocking, Perry, Muskingum, Coshocton, Holmes, Stark and Mahon- 
ing, occupying a space of about one Inuidi'ed and eighty miles in 
length by eighty in breadth. The County is, in shaj^e, almost a 
square, its m^ an extent from '^Qvih to South being about twenty- 



(i AREA. rOPULATIOX AND CHIEF TOWNS. 

seven miles, and from East to West about twenty five miles. It con- 
tains, in all, twenty-five Townsliii^s, though several of these are quite 
small, and only some half dozen corresiiond in boundaiy ^Yith the 
original Townships as surveyed under authority of the general gov- 
ernment. 

Area, Population and Chief Tomis. — In area, Muskingum is the 
fourth County of the State, the larger Coimties, including Musking- 
irni, ranking in area as follows : 

Aslitii})ula 439.380 acres. 

Licking 427,31-"} '• 

Ross 419,442 " 

Muskingum 417,204 " 

The number of acres in each of the above Counties is exclusive of 
territory embraced in cities, incorporated villages and towns. In 
population, according to the census of 1870, Muskingum ranks as 
the seventh in the State, the more populous Counties: including 
Muskingum, ranking as follows : 

Hamilton, including Cincinnuti 20(V>7(t 

Cuyahoga '• Cleveland 132,010 

Montgomery '• Dayton 04,000 

Franklin " Columbus 03,119 

Stark " Canton and 3Iassilon 52,508 

Lucas •• Toledo 40,722 

Muskingum " Zanesville 44,880 

The foregoing cities are cities of the first or second class as or 
ganized under the laws of Ohio. 

The municipalities of Muskingum County are, Zanesville with city 
charter, and the incorporated villages of Dresden, New Concord,. 
Frazej'sburg, Taylorsville, Uniontown, Adamsville and Roscville, 
and the unincorporated towns of Norwich, Otsego, Bloomfield, 
Chandlersville, Rix Mills, Duncan's Falls, Lytlesburg, Mount Ster- 
ling, Gratiot, Irville, Nashport, and a few other places of less im- 
portance. 

Water Drainage and Surface. — The County is di^'ided into two 
nearly equal parts by the Muskingum river, which enters the County 
about midway of the Northern boundary, extending in an almost south- 
erly direction and leaving the County about midway of its Southern 
boimdary. That portion of the County West of the Muskingum 
river is again about equally divided b}^ Licking river, a tributary of 
the Musldngum, and entering the latter river at Zane8^^11e. The 
Northern section of the County, West of the Muskingum, is drained 
by the Wakatomaka, which enters the Muskingum near Dresden, 
sixteen miles above Zanesville, and the South-western section of the 



WATER DEAINAGK AND SURFACE. / 

County by Moxaliala and Jonathan's Creeks, which unite before en- 
tering the Muskingum, and Brush Creek. The Eastern part of the 
County is drained by Salt Creek and Symm's Creek and their- tribu- 
taries. The above are the princiiml streams in the County, and all 
aftord numerous sites for mills and manufactures. 

The surface of that section of the County East of the Muskingum 
river is, for the most part, uneven and portions of it quite hill}', 
though none mountainous. The hills rarely rise more than two 
himdred and fifty feet above the water courses : their summits are 
generally rounded, and no portion of the sm-face is broken to such an 
extent as to render it in any degree unavailable for purposes of ag- 
riculture. A very considerable portion of the County West of the 
Muskingum river is comjiaratively level, and the remainder, for the 
most part, undulating. The natural drainage of the surface of the 
entire County may be said to be perfect ; lakes, swamps and water- 
falls are unkno^-n, and the supply of water is of the purest charac- 
ter, and never failing springs are found on every farm. The scen- 
ery in all parts of the County is most picturesque and beautiful, 
presenting a variety not surpassed in any like extent of territory in 
the State. The views from some of the more elevated lands are 
grand and impressive. High Hill, situated in the eastern section 
of the County, has frequently been visited by tourists for the pur- 
pose of obtaining the view from its Bimimit, the range of vision ex- 
tending in all directions from twenty to fifty miles, and taking in a 
variety of scenery of wood and farm land scarce any where excelled. 
The County j^ossesses, perhaj^s, as great a variety of surface adapted 
to agriculture as can be found in any scope of country of Uke ex- 
tent in the Northern States, and the soil is such as to give easy and 
cheap adaptation to variety and rotation of crops, rendering farming 
on a small scale productive and profitable, and thus securing a 
dense farming population. 

The physical features of the County and its agricultural cajiacity 
are very nearly connected with the various rock formations that un- 
derlie its surface. The soil may be said to be, in a good measure, 
dependent on the rocks for its constitution, and it can be readily 
understood that a presentation of all the geographical and agricul- 
tural features of the County would invite a geological examination. 
In these respects it is in striking contrast with the Comities of the 
State more westerly situated where the rocky floor of the country is 
so deeply covered with the beds of drift as to be removed from any 
but the most general influence on the surface. The Comit}' gener- 
ally slopes to the South and South-east^ and consequently the 
drainag'e is to the 'Ohio river. 



O SOIL, TIMBEK, FARMING AND FARM PRODUCTS. 

CHAPTER 11. 

Character of Soil — Timber — Farming — Orchards and Fruits. 

Soil. — The soil of the river bottoms, the creeks and smaller 
streams and of the valleys, consists of a deep, alluvial deposit. In 
productiveness it is rarely surj^assed. The valleys of the Musking- 
um and Licking rivers are equal in fertility to any in the State.* In 
the more uneven sections of the County gray limestone is found in 
abundance, and exists on the summits of the highest hills. This 
limestone, on exposure, changes to a yellow or cream like color, be- 
comes soft and friable, is quite soluble under atmospheric agencies, 
and hence is valuable for its fertilizing influences on the soil, im- 
parting to it a productiveness quite equal to that of the valleys. 
There are no barren surfaces or waste lands in any portion of the 
comity. The clay lands, as they are called, though not as fertile as 
the valleys or those sections where the limestone abotuids, are ren- 
dered porous and open by the addition of sand mingled with the 
clay, and amjjly reward the husbandman for his toil and industry. 
Many of the most successful farmers of the County cultivate exclu- 
sively these clay lands. 

Timber. — The forests which originally covered the territory of 
Muskingum County were very dense, and the trees of the largest 
growth. Nearly all the varieties of timber known to the forests of 
this latitude were here found. Here were numerous varieties of oak 
and hickory, yellow and white poplar, black and white walnut, the 
ash, maple, sugar tree, beech, sycamore, chestnut, buckeye, wild- 
cherry, common and slippery elm, gum, honey and common locust 
and dogwood. These varieties constitute the i^rincipal forest tim- 
ber. The wild plum, crab and thorn apple, persimmon, June or ser- 
vice berry, wild grape, and other varieties of wild fruits are abund- 
ant. About one-third of the entire area of the County still remains 
wood or timber land, and among the still existing timber can be 
found all the varieties above named. 

Farming and Farm Products. — The farming of Muskingum Coun- 
ty is what is denominated mixed husbandry. The farms are gener- 
ally small, there being few extensive land owners in the County. 
Tenantry exists only to a very limited extent. The consequence is 
the largest product of the field in stock, cereals, vegetables and 
fruits is secured. All the vegetables, grains and fruits of the cli- 
mate are here produced. In the vicuiity of Zanes-sille the lands are 

* In the production of corn in 187r>, according to the Eeport of the Commis- 
sioner of Stiitis^ics of Ohio, 1§73, the general average of the M'uskin^'ni Va11>£^y 
i^ g1»c«atrt' ilia'Tl t!Wnt ot rrtl'y Al/cr valley c^f Ohto fxtept oW 



OKOHARDS AND FftUIl'S- ^ 

chiefly devoted to gardening and farming on a small scale. More 
remotely from the centre, stock raising and farming in the usual ac- 
ceptation of the term are followed, and considerable portions of the 
land is given up to timothy and red clover. Muskingum is one of 
the largest sheep growing Counties in the State, in fact among the 
most extensive in the United States. Cattle of the Devon and Dm-- 
ham breeds here raised have taken numerous first premiums at the 
Ohio State Fairs and at various County Fairs of this and adjoinmg 
Counties. Durmg the last few years increased attention has been 
given to the raising and cultivation of the best breeds of horses, and 
at the present time, both for the turf and the road, Muskingum 
County boasts a class of horses among the finest blood of any in the 
United States. In this particular no expense has been spared, and 
wherever throughout the Union a horse possessing superior quali- 
ties has been known his stock is here found. In horse raising, 
though not conducted on as extensive a scale as in some other sec- 
tions, Muskingum County, at this time, in the quality of the stock 
raised, scarce ranks inferior to any Countj of the State, and the in 
terest taken in this branch of industry is a constantly growing one. 
There cannot be a doubt but that all the conditions of soil, water 
and climate, are here abundantly supplied for stock raising, and every 
farmer who is engaged in the business realizes a good i^rofit on his 
labor and investment. 

Fruit. — Orchards are abundant. There is scarcely a farmer who 
makes any pretentions in the line of his business who has not set 
apart a few acres for the production of fruit. The soil is admirably 
adapted to the cultivation of every variety of fruit grown in this cli- 
mate. Especially is this true of the more elevated limestone 
lands. Apples rarely fail, especially in producing a supply sufficient 
for the home demand, and for beauty, size and flavor, for the perfec- 
tion of the fruit generally, the products of Muskingum County or- 
chards have received the highest award of merit. All the varieties 
adapted to the climate are found. Peaches on the most elevated 
grounds attam great beauty and perfection. Grax^e culture is most 
successful. Numerous vineyards have been planted, and every land 
owner cultivates for the family supply. The Concord, on account 
of its hardy and prolific character and the fact that it never fails, is 
the most popular variet}^ but the Hartford Prolific, Delaware, Clin- 
ton, and many other varieties, seem to flourish equally well with the 
Concord. Pears, plums, cherries, gooseberries, raspberries and 
strawberries, are all cultivated with marked success, and the sujDply 
is not only sufficient for the home demand, but large quantities are, 
every s'e^gdn, ehi^ffiteti tb neiaiiboring towns and villages. At the 



10 MINERAIi RESOURCES. 

State Horticultural Fair of 1872 there was seen the finest collection 
of fruits ever exhibited in Ohio, and of those fruits Muskingum 
County received the first premium. 



CHAPTER III. 



Mineral Eesoueces — Coal — Iron Ore — Limestone — Building Stone 
— Potters' Clay — Buhr Stone — Gypsum — Kaolin — Salt — Petro- 
leum — Other Minerals. 

Mineral Hesoiirces. — It is in mineral resoiu'ces that Muskingum 
County ranks pre-eminent. The developments which have been and 
are daily being made by a geological examination of this section of 
the State demonstrate that it is among the richest in the world in 
coal, iron ore, and other valuable minerals.* 

The proximity of these minerals to each other, and the facihty 
with which they can be mined, must have the effect in due time, to 
induce the investment in this vicinity of a large amount of capital 
in furnaces, iron-mills, foundries, and other iron manufactures, and 
the concentration of a dense manufacturing population, the channels 
of commerce, natural and artificial, admitting as they do of a du-ect, 
ready and cheap transportation to all sections of the country. 
Regarded in this point of view, as a permanent soui'ce of wealth, 
an inquiry into the range, quality and extent, of the mineral 
deposits hero found would become an interesting siibject of 
examination. But to do this would be to write a treatise on geology. 
That is foreign to the present purpose. Space only permits a very 

* The following extract from the Eeport of the Commissioner of Statistics of 
Oliio, 1873, indicates somewhat the extent of the coal fields of Ohio : 

" The coal area of the State is 6,500,000 acres. The average aggregate thickness 
of the available seams is 20 feet. (The State geologists say this is a low estimate.) 
There are 27 cubic feet to the ton. This gives 209,733,333,340 tons for the State. 
At the rate the mines of the State now yield, this amount would not be exhaust- 
ed in 51,200 years, or would stand the present draft on all the mines of the Uni- 
ted States for 4,500 years; or, with a yearly product equal to that of the mines of 
(iroat Britian, it would last 1,G00 years. 

The counties wholly covered with coal are Mahoning, Columbiana, Stark, 
Holmes, Tuscarawas, Carroll, Jefferson, Harrison, Belmont, Guernsey, Coshoc- 
ton, Muskingum, Perry, Noble, Morgan, Monroe, Washington, Atliens, Meigs, 
(rallia. Lawrence, and nearly all of Jackson. All the counties of which the 
eastern ov south-eastern parts only are covered with coal, are Trumbull, Portage, 
Summit, Medina, Wayne, Licking, Fairfield, Hocking, Vinton and Stiiotb." 



GENERAL LOCATION, COAL. 11 

brief mention of the principal minerals wliicli here abound. In 
confirmation of the statements herein contained, reference is had 
to the official reports on the Geology of Ohio made to the General 
Assembly of the State in 1837, and the several reports made by the 
present Board of State Geologists. 

General Location. — Muskingum County, as has been stated, is 
situated on the western margin of the great Alleghany coal field, 
and consequently borders the vast coalless district which extends 
over two-thirds of Ohio, and all of the State of Indiana, except its 
western and south-western border. Northern Illinois, Wisconsin, 
Michigan and Western Canada, are also largely dependent for coal 
which must be obtained from this and adjoining Counties. This 
coalless district contains already many large cities, such as Cleveland, 
Toledo, Detroit, Chicago, Indianapolis, Dayton, Columbus and 
Cincinnati, and numerous smaller ones, all rapidly growing, and 
dependent in a great measure for their supplies of coal from this 
and other coimties in its immediate vicinity. The central position 
of Muskingum County in this coal region and the advantages it 
possesses in the way of rail-road transportation, must enable it in 
due time to command the market of a very wide range of coimtry. 
It is nearer the Lake Cities than any other point to which the Lake 
Cities can look for their coal supply, and being on the border 
of the vast level country which stretches to the west and north- 
west, the rail roads which must transport its coal have comparatively 
light grades and consequently carry heavy freights at the least 
expense. These general advantages of location cannot be regarded 
otherwise than of very great importance. 

Coal. — There is not a township in Muskingum County iu wliicli 
workable coal beds are not found. Within the County are seven 
separate and distinct coal strata., each varying from three to seven 
feet in thickness, besides ten or twelve additional sea^ns, a portion of 
irhich are also workable, but generally are so thin as to be, at this time, 
of little economical value, making an average aggregate thickness of 
over forty feet of available coal seams. The report of the State Geolo- 
gist on the geology of Muskingum County, (see Geological Survey of 
Ohio, Vol. I., 1873.) says, that "■within the limits of this County there is 
found, in thicker or thinner developments, a representative of nearly 
every important coal seam in the coal measures of South-eastern Ohio." 
While the coal area of Muskingum County is, therefore, greater 
than that of any other County of the State, this coal, lying in 
accessible seams in the hill sides, is readily drained and easily and 
cheaply mined, (shafting will for long years be here unknown.) and 
constitutes nearly every variety emj)loyed in tlie niunerous and 



12 COAIi. 

economical purposes of life. As indicating the quantity and extent 
of the coal measures here existing the following extract from the 
report of the State Geologist, J. AV. Foster, author of "Pre-Historic 
Races of North America," may be pertinent in this connexion. — 
(see Geological Report of Ohio, 1837, page 87.) He says : " Hero 
" then, is fossil fuel embraced in one County sufficient to supply the 
" j^eople for ages. Should the consumption of coal become 
" proportionately as great as in England, there is sufficient in this 
" County alone to supply the population of oiu- State with fuel for 
" two himdred and fifty years. 

Prof. Mather, President of the first State Geological Board of 
Ohio, in his report to the General Assembly in 1837, speaking of the 
coal formations of this section of Ohio, says : 

" Along a section from the base of the series at Brownsville, 
" fourteen miles west of Zanesville, to Marietta, at the mouth of the 
" Musldngum, in a thickness of 800 feet, are eight workable seams 
" of coal. " He also says, in another place in the same report : 
" The number of workable beds of coal in the coal fields of Ohio 
" are found to be greater than in Pennsylvania or Virginia, and in 
" the same vertical thickness much greater than in the coal fields of 
" England. " 

Another writer, alluding to these estimates of the coal of Mus- 
kingum County, says : 

" Large as these estimates seem they are but a small jDart of the 
" vast aggregate. The county of Perry, adjoining Muskingum, is 
" even more full of coal and iron. Along the line of the Cincinnati 
" and Zanesville Railroad, (now the Cincinnati and Muskingum 
" Valley Rail Road,) are immense coal dej)osits, from which large 
" quantities are sent to Cincinnati, and about seven miles south of 
" this road are the finest coal strata in the country, if not in the 
" world, being from six to twelve feet thick. This region also 
" abounds in the most valuable iron ore, known as the brown and 
" red hematites. " 

The coal strata of Perry Comity alluded to in the foregoing 
extract are found in the Southern portion of that County, immedi- 
ately adjoining the south-western section of Muskingum County, and 
extend into the latter County. The more recent geological 
explorations of this County indicate a very much greater quantity 
of coal existing within its limits than has heretofore been supposed 
or was estimated by State Geologist Foster in the report above 
quoted, but no recent estimates of the amount of this coal have 
been made. 

Many of the^rarieties of tha Muskingum County coal are of a 



COAI,. 



13 



superior quality, but space only permits a very brief uote on this 
subject. The State Geologist in the report of the coals of this 
County first above quoted (see Vol. I, Geological Survey of Ohio. 
1873,) says : " There appears to be almost every possible gradation 
between the dryest or non -caking coals and those which soften and 
swell in burning and are in the highest degree caking in quality." 
The coal fi'om the seam known as the three and one-half foot 
vein has been used in the manufacture of coke to a considerable 
extent, producing an article strong and solid, adapted to the 
manufacture of iron and the various other pui'poses for which coke 
is employed. As a gas making coal it is considered superior, and but 
for the fact it contains a small quantit}^ of bi-sulphide of iron 
(which, however, on account of its weight is easily washed out.) 
would stand at the head of gas-making coals. This ma}' be seen 
from the following analysis of samples of this coal taken through 
the entire seam, and which analysis is about an average of tliis 
entire coal vein : 

Upper 2 feet of seam. Lower 16 inches. 

■^'ater 5.60 5.20 

Fixed Carbon 53.05 51.80 

Volatile Matter 38.80 37.80 

Drab Ash 2.55 5.20 

Sulphur 7(5 1.75 

There is also a seam of di-y biu'nmg coal, as it is called, non- 
caking, above this thi ee and one-half foot vein, the thickness of the 
seam varying from three to seven feet, and covering almost the 
entire eastern section of the County. Its greatest thickness is in the 
immediate vicinity of Zanesville.* Tliis coal for the most part is of 
a quality enabhng it to be used for smelting purposes, but its 
character can best be judged from the following analysis of several 
samples, all taken fi'om different openings : 

Vater 6.15 6.55 5.80 6.23 6.28 

Ash 4.41 4.20 4.60 4.33 3.82 

Volatile Matter.. 30.97 31.66 31.00 30.28 -30,52 

Fixed Carbon... 58.47 -58.59 58.60 59.16 -59.38 

Sulphur 41 52 35 28 37 

In speaking of these dry coals Prof, xlndi-ews, State Geologist^ 
says : " The analysis shows this to be a very superior coal. The 

* " Col. Foster gives a seam of coal six feet thiclc under the lime stone in the 
bed of the Muskingum River at Zanesville. " " It is singular, " savs Prof. 
Andrews, " that so thick a seam should never have been carefully explored." 
The reason why it has not hitherto been explored is probably because the hills 
that surround Zanesville have furnished such a supply of coal above the Eiver 
bed as to render it unneccessary to seek coal by shafting. 



14 COAL. 

fixed carbon is large and the sulphur small. So far as an analysis 
has been made this * * * jg q^^ of the best coals of the 
State." And Col. Foster in speaking generally of these coals says ; 
" It is of the finest quality, bitnminoiis and cannel, and the bitu- 
minous is for the most part of a very dry quality, almost entirely 
free from slate, sulphur or other impurities, and is consequently 
fitted for the manufacture of iron. 

The varieties of coal here found are, for the most part, the bi- 
tuminous and the cannel coal. The former largely predominates, 
though there are considerable veins of the latter, the thickest be- 
ing near three feet. Foster in speaking of these varieties says : 

" Its (bituminous) color is black, its lustre resinous and not 
unfrequently pseudo — metalic. It breaks into trapezoidal blocks, 
aud during combustion agglutinates, giving a bright yellow flame. 
The second variety resembles a dark shale, highly impregnated 
with bitumen. It differs in composition from the former variety, 
containing less bituminous and more earthy matter. It burns with 
a bright flame but does nut agglutinate. Where the earthy matter 
predominates it passes into bituminoxis shale, and the transition is 
often observed in short distances." 

As indicated above, the process of sinking shafts to obtain coal 
has never yet been introduced. There is no necessity for this. The 
County, and its immediate surroundings. North, East and South, is 
so abundantly supplied with this invakiable combustible that 
generations will come and go before that which exists above the 
water courses will become exhausted. No such thing as a coal 
famine will, at least for a century or more to come, distui'b the 
repose of an inhabitant of Muskingum Coimty, and the important 
part it is destined to i^lay upon the happiness and prosperity of the 
community remains to be developed. 

Iron Ore. — By an insj^ection of the geological map of Muskingum 
County accompanjdng the first volume of the Geological Survey of 
Ohio, 1873, it will be seen that there is hardly a hill in the southern 
half of the County that does not contain iron ore, and in very many 
instances this ore is foimd in workable seams. But the most 
valuable ore beds, both in extent and quality, are in the northern 
and north-eastern portions of the County, and which are not repre- 
sented on the map from the fact that the seams have not yet been 
traced by the member of the Geological Board having this section of 
the County in charge. Consecpiently there is no recent estimate of the 
extent of the ore beds of this section of the County, and the quality 
of the ores is undetermined. Should the analysis when made dem- 
onstrate the ores of this section of the County to be equal in (juality 



LIMB STONE. ' 15 

to those of the Southern section, these ores must become, at no 
distant day, a source of great revenue to Muskingum County, as 
they can be deHvered at the Zanesville furnace as cheaply as stone. 
Foster, quoted above, in speaking of the ore of this County, says : 
" The ore beds embracing the Western Townships of Muskmgum, 
and the Eastern Townships of Licking County, occupy an area 
equal to two hundred square miles. " He also in the same report 
estimates the quantity of iron ore in Muskingiun County, and says : 
" The ores are rich, yielding j)robably from thirty to sixty per 
cent, of iron and easily wrought, and number 153,600,000 square yards, 
and that each yard is capable of producing one ton of pig metal." 
The Geological report of 1873, says : " Ores of excellent quality are 
much more abundant in this County than was formerly supposed." 

The analysis of these ores, as made by the jjresent State chemist, 
ranges from thirty- two to fifty-two and one-half per cent, metalic 
iron. 

The following is the analysis of a number of samples of ore 
furnished him by the State Geologist, selected from different neigh- 
borhoods in the County : 

Metalic Iron, Phosphoric Acid. Sulphur. 

Hopewell Township 37.07 Trace Trace^ 

do 52.51 .38 do 

Falls Township 41.33 .54 do 

Zanesville Corporation 86.44 3.50 .17 

do 31.19 81 50 

Springfield Township 47.15 29 Trace 

Prof. Andrews, before quoted, in an article contained in the 
Report of the Commissioner of Statistics of Ohio for 1871, in 
speaking generally of the iron ores of the Eastern District of Ohio, 
including Muskingum County, says : " The ores of the District are 
generally of great excellence and purity, and the iron made from 
them has a very high reputation. " These ores have as yet been 
mined only to a very limited extent. 

Limestone. — The limestone of Muskingum Coimty exceeeds com 
putation. There are here found twenty-two distinct and sej3arate 
seams, and it is seen cropping out in almost every hill in the County.* 
The color varies from a light gray to a deejD blue. It is sub-crystal. 
line in texture, and is found in strata varying from a few inches to 
five or six feet in thickness, some of the strata being separated from 
each other by a very thin layer of clay, or other mineral deposit. 
The blue limestone is, to a considerable extent, fossiliferous, but 
very durable, almost as much so as granite, admits of a high polish, 

* " A well dug in the village of Newtonville passed through fifteen feet of 
limestone." — Geological Eeport, 1871. 



10 BUILDINa STOKE. 

and as a flnx in the manufacture of ii'on is liiglily approved. As 
a " gas-lime" it is superior, as the following analysis demonstrates : 

Ciirbunate of Lime 94.34 

" Mui-nesiii 2.06 

Silica and SaiKL 2.00 

lUumimt! and Iron l.GO 

100.00 
The gray limestone every where abounds along the creeks and 
smaller streams, the hillsides and on the most elevated lands. 
Prof. Andrews says: "The limestone in the bed of Jonathan's 
Creek is the representative in the State of the lower carboniferous 
limestone of Illinois and * Missouri, and is a deposit of very great 
scientific intorest.'" It is also susceptible of a high polish, and has 
been used in the construction of jambs, pillars and other ornamen- 
tal work. For pui'ity, beauty and durability, these varieties of 
limestone have not their sujDerior in the State, and in addition to 
theii' use in the arts and conversion into lime and employment for 
building purposes, they have been sought for various purposes on 
accoimt of the high finish of which they admit.* 

Building Stone. — The hills of Muskingum- County are filled with 
building stone of almost every variety and quality. The free and 
sand stones are durable and harden with age, as can be seen in 
numerous private and public structures in and about Zanesville. 

* James P. Egan, Esq., of Zanesville, Civil Engineer, at the instance of the 
County Commissioners of Muskingum County, recently made an examination of 
the limestone along the Cincinnati and Zanesville Kailroad, in tlie western part 
of this County, with the view of ascertaining its quality for public structures, 
and whether the material was suitable for the new Court House about to be 
erected in Zanesville. From this report to the Commissioners the following 
extract is taken : 

" This (Newtonville,) limestone covers a large portion of Newton Township, and 
ranges from fifteen to forty feet in thickness, built up in layers of various thickness, 
from one inch to thirty inches. It may be divided into four divisions, the upper 
part ranging from one to three feet thick, is not well stratafied. The next from 
three to five feet, made up of layers from three to fourteen inches, are easily 
raised, and are of fine and desirable quality. The next three layers are from ten 
to thirty inches each thick, and present the most inviting source as a building 
stone. This part of the strata is of a light drab color, homogeneous, can be 
quarried without blasting, and is said to dress well. This part of the stone gives 
incontestable evidence of its durability. Below this in some places there are 
seams or layers of highly crystaline stone, nearly white, and very durable. It 
would be as proper to call it marble as limestone. The Newtonville limestone 
is first seen on Jonathan's Creek, about six miles from Zanesville. It extends 
about six miles up the creek. In some places it is bufl', gray, light drab and 
many other colors, but everywhere giving evidence of great durability. Most 
of it ma J' ho said to be a true limpstoue. A partial analysis of the upper layers 
would indicate tliat it is dalomit^.'* 



BUHK, potters' CLAY, GYPSUM AND KAOLIN. 17 

They are now coming into demand for the construction of pubHc 
edifices, not in Zanesville only but in cities in other sections of the 
State. They are found imbeded in the river hills and along the 
hnes of railroad, and are easily and cheaply quarried. A yery 
superior building stone is found in the South-western section of the 
County which has much the appearance of the celebrated '• Waver ly 
sand stone," and when polished is almost equally as beautiful. 
There are also in the immediate vicinity of Zanesville, and in various 
neighborhoods throughout the County, quarries of flag-stone of fine 
grain, beautiful appearance, of superior quality and adjusted, by the 
touch of the hammer, into almost any required form. These flags 
are very durable, the sand is fine and mica is so disposed in hori- 
zontal plates that it fi'actures in smooth, flat sui-faces. There is 
also stone in diflerent neighborhoods suitable for the manufacture 
of glass, and used extensively by the Zanesville glass manufacturers. 
Builders' and moulding sand is abundant, sufficient to meet any 
demand, in all parts of the County. 

Buhr. — What is called "Buhr Stone" is found in the Western 
section of the County. It exists on both sides of the line dividing 
Muskingum and Licking Counties, and extends into the North- east 
corner of Perry County. The stone is of a grayish or yellowish 
white, sometimes passing into hornstone, exists in beds from two to 
six feet in thickness, is fine grained and compact, and well calcu- 
lated to give a fine edge to cutting tools or implements. The In- 
dians used the comjDact hornstone for arrow heads. This Buhr 
was, years ago, quarried to quite an extent, and made into mill- 
stones, but as the material lacked tenacity they were not regarded 
with equal favor with the "French Buhr." Their manufacture has 
of late been abandoned, and at present this Buhr is not sought. 

Potters' Clay, Gypsum and Kaolin. — Potters' Clay is found in 
many sections of the County. It exists in seams varying from a 
few inches to twelve and fourteen feet in thickness, and in quanti- 
ties sufficient to be successfully employed in the manufacture of 
pottery ware. The conversion of this clay into ware has, for many 
years, been an important industry of this County, and a source of 
large revenue to those engaged in its production.* A bed of 



* The folloNving note of this Potters' Chiy furnished by James P. Egan, be- 
fore quoted, may be of interest in this connexion, and useful to all persons en- 
gaged in the pottery business, or expecting to engage in it. He says : 

" This Potters' Clay presents all the qualities desirable for the successful man- 
ufacture of Pottery ware. Some of these clays are hard and compact, some 
soft and Tinctu'ous, some very infusible while others are very fusible, and such 



18 FIRE PROOF MATERIALS, SALT, PETROLEUM AND OTHER MINERALS. 

Gypsum has also recently been discovered about six miles West of 
Zanesville, but its extent has not yet been determined. It is not 
quite white, but has the aj^pearance of being a good article, and is 
the only mineral of the kind yet discovered in the Muskingum 
Valley. A twelve foot seam of Kaolin has also recently been dis- 
covered in the Eastern section of the County, the clay being of the 
same composition from top to bottom of the seam. The following 
analysis shows its character : 

Silica 44.60 

Alluminse 34.20 

Lime 30 

Iron 70 

Alkalies 

Water 19.G0 

Fire Proof Materials. — Large deposits of clay suitable for making 
fire brick are found in the immediate vicinity of Zanesville, and in 
other neighborhoods throughout the County. Glass stone is found 
in the Northern portions of the County in the river hills, millions 
of tons of which can be quarried, and it exhibits, on comparison, no 
jiercei^tible difference fi-om the celebrated stone of England used in 
the manufactui'e of iron and steel, and which is considered the best 
fire proof material yet discovered. It is most refifactory, and the 
analysis proves it very pure silica, containing a small per cent, of 
potash. 

Salt and Petroleum. — Borings for salt water have been made at 
various points along the Muskingum river in this Coimty, and also 
on the Licking and Moxahala and Salt Creeks. In no instance has 
there been a failure to obtain salt water, though in some instances 
the water was deficient in strength or quantity, and improfitable to 
evaporate. In all there have been about sixty salt wells sunk in 
this County, but only a small number of these are at this time in 
operation. The water is evajjorated by the use of coal, and while 

are known as ' Slip Clays.' The fusible clays depend upon the amount of 
lime, iron, sand, etc., intermingled with them. The following is the analysis of 
one of the must extensive seams, and corresponding with what is known 
among glass manufacturers as German clay, viz: 

Silica 49.80 

Alumina 35.20 

Iron 70 

Alkalies Trace. 

Lime G5 

"Water combined 12.'J8 

This analysis was made from a sample of clay taken from a bank in Spring- 
field Township, two and one-half mikls from Zhnt/Svillc," 



RAILEOADS AND TURNPIKES. 19 

some of the wells have produced as high as seven thousand barrels 
per year, others have not produced half that amount. As a branch 
of industry, the salt business does not command that importance it 
did years ago. Should the demand for salt increase, the salt 
business revive and its manufacture again bring remunerative 
prices, these salt wells could all be again put in operation at com- 
paratively small cost. 

Petroleum wells have also been bored in the Southern part of the 
County, and petroleum in considerable quantities obtained. This 
oil, for lubricating purposes, has no superior and commands a 
ready market, but the price for the last few years has been such as 
to discourage its production. 

Other Minerals. — Other minerals of less importance than those 
above named might be mentioned as here existing, but enough has 
been presented to indicate in this particular the resources of the 
County. There are other deposits of stone and clay than those 
enumerated above, but their value in the arts or otherwise remains 
to be tested. Many details might have been given, interesting to 
the general reader as tu the student or man of science, but to do 
this would be traveling beyond the purpose herein contemplated. 
Enough has been presented to demonstrate that this section is 
amply stored with all those minerals so necessary to the wants and 
conveniencies of mankind, and which must, at no distant day, prove 
not merely a permanent source of wealth to the commimity which 
may here be gathered, but the State and country at large. 



CHAPTER lY. 



Rail Roads — Turnpikes — Canals — Navigable Streams — Water 

Power etc., etc. 

Rail Boads. — The Central Ohio Division of the Baltimore and 
Ohio Rail Road passes through Muskingum County about midway 
from East to "VV.est. The Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis road 
passes through the Northern section of the County, and the 
Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley branch of this last named qpad 
passes through the County about midway from North to South. 



30 TURNPIKES, NAVIGABLE STREAMS, 

The lengths of these lines of railway within the County are as 

follows : 

Baltimore and Ohio, C. O. Div ?,3 miles. 

Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis, C. & M. V Div 25 " 

Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis 14 " 

The taxable value of these roads on the duplicate of the County 
for taxable purposes, including track, rolhng stock and equipments 
generally, but excluding the real estate owned by these several 
roads, is nearly one million of dollars. 

Besides the foregoing roads, charters have been secured for a 
road direct from Zanesville in a northerly direction to intersect the 
Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago road at Loudenville, one from 
Zanesville to Marietta, and another from ZanesviUe to Woodsfield 
and Bellaire. These proposed roads may not be constructed for 
several years, and yet the mineral resources of the country 
through which they are propo"sed to pass are, scarce inferior to any 
in the State. Besides the above, other lines of railway are in con- 
templation and under construction in the Western and North- 
western sections of the "State, designed ultimately to reach the coal 
fields of Muskingum County and South-eastern Ohio. 

Turnpikes. — There are within Muskingum County forty miles of 
Turnpike, as follows: 

National or Cumberland road 28 miles. 

Zanesville and Maysville Turnpike 12 " 

The former of these roads was constructed by the General Gov- 
ernment, and in the most permanent and substantial manner ; the 
road-bed being sixty feet wide, covered with metal (limestone) from 
one to three feet in thickness, and the highest grade is three 
degrees. It is under the management of the Board of Public 
Works of the State. The Zanesville and Maysville Turnpike, ex- 
tending from Zanesville to the Ohio river opposite Maysville, Ken- 
tucky, is very similar in character to the National road, there being 
no substantial difference in construction or grade. 

Navigable Streams. — The Ohio canal from Cleveland to Ports- 
mouth passes through the Northern section of the County, a distance 
of about twenty miles. The Muskingum river is a navigable stream 
improved by slack water navigation, dams and locks, from the Ohio 
tjanal at Dresden to the Ohio river at Marietta, a distance of ninety- 
four miles. From Zanesville to Marietta, seventy-eight miles, it has a 
capacity to carry boats of from two hundred and seventy-five to three 
hundred tons burthen, and from ZanesAalle to the Ohio canal boats 
of from one hundred and fifty to two himdred tons burthen. The 
supply of water is such that it is navigable its whole length almost 



WATEE POTTER, KEYIFW. 21 

the" entire year, though not all the time for boats of heaviest 
tonnage. It is only during the winter season when the river is 
closed by ice that navigation is entirely suspended, and boats ply on 
this stream when boats of the same capacity on the Ohio are com- 
pelled to stop running for want of water. 

Water Power. — Allusion has heretofore been made to the water 
power afforded by the tributaries of the Muskingum river. There 
were, a few years ago, within Muskingum County thirty-two flour- 
ing mills, running one hundred and fifty pair of buhrs, and although 
on all the creeks and streams there are still to be found mills, yet, 
owing to the cheapness of coal, steam has, in most parts of the 
County, taken the place of water power. At the Falls of Licking, 
three miles West of Zanesville, there is a water power, constant, 
unvarying, free, sufficient to drive thousands of spindles, but unem- 
ployed and running to waste. At Zanesville the water power is 
immense — hardly to be estimated. The river has here a natural fall 
of from six to eight feet, and by aid of a dam ten feet in height a 
fall of from sixteen to eighteen feet is secured. This water supply 
is obtained from the canal through which boats pass, extending 
from a few rods above the river dam to a distance of near three- 
fourths of a mile below. It is employed only to a very limited ex- 
tent. At Duncan's Falls, nine miles below Zanesville, there is an- 
other dam, which, with the natural fall of the river, furnishes a wa- 
ter fall of from twelve to fourteen feet. The canal is here one and 
one fourth miles in extent, and^the water power unemployed, like that 
at Zanesville, may be said to be beyond computation. So at Simm's 
creek, seven miles above Zanesville, there is another dam with like 
unimproved water power facilities as at the other points named. 

Review. — From the foregoing brief review of the resources of 
Muskingum County, it must be acknowledged that few sections of 
territory of like extent command, in a higher degree than is here 
found, all those elements of wealth which constitute a prosperous 
and rich community. The agricultural caj)acity of the land, the 
mixed husbandry that exists, the easy drainage and consequent 
health that prevails, the inexhaustible mineral resources that 
aboimd, the facilities for transportation to all sections both by water 
and rail, the extent of water power, all combine to render this at no 
distant day one of the most poj)ulous and wealthy sections of our 
entire country, either East or West. The business citizens of the 
County are realizing this more and more daily, and the consequence 
is increased activity in all departments of trade, and all the indus- 
trial occupations pursued. A denser rural population will here be 
gathered, in a vei-y few years, than will be found in any other 



22 BEVIEW. 



County of Ohio. The County is, as it were, just being opened to 
the hand of industry, and the demand of the times for coal, iron and 
other minerals, must necessarily gather hither the energy and enter- 
prise that will develop these resources to the fullest extent. It 
would be hazardous to predict the vast changes which must here 
be effected within a very few years. 



PART II. 
ZANESVILLE. 



CHAPTER I. 

Peeliminary Sketch — Location — Population — Wakds. 
Freliminary Sketch. — In May, 1796, a law was passed by the 
Congress of the United States authorizing Ebenezer Zane, of 
Wheeling, Virginia, to survey and construct a road from Wheeling 
to Limestone, or what is now Maysville, Kentucky. The succeed 
ing year Mr. Zane, accompanied by his brother, Jeremiah Zane, and 
his son-in law, John Mclntire, proceeded to survey and mark out 
this new road- On proceeding West to the Muskingum river it was 
first determined to cross the stream at what is now the village of 
Duncan's Falls, but foreseeing the value of the hydraulic power 
created by the falls of the river where Zanes\ille is situated they 
determined to cross the river at this latter point. The compensa. 
tion to be paid for the work of siuweying and opening this road was 
a warrant for three sections of land granted by Congress, one of 
which was to be located at the place of crossing the Muskingum 
river. In 1799 Zane and Mclntire laid off the first plat of the town 
on the section thus selected, calling the place Westboum. Shortly 
subsequent to this a Postoffice was here established under the name 
of Zanesville, and the village then took the name of the Postoffice, 
By the act of the General Assembly of Ohio creating Muskingum 
County Commissioners were aj^pointed to select a site for the 
County seat, who, upon examination, reported in favor of Zanesville. 
After the establishment of the County-seat the town began to 
rapidly improve, the accessions to its population being princij)ally 
from the IMiddle and Eastern States. In 1810 a law was passed by 
the General Assembly of the State in session at Chilicothe, which 
place from the adoption of the State Constitution to this date had 
been the capital of Ohio, fixing the seat of government at Zanesville 
until otherwise provided. The necessary State buildings were 
erected by the County, and the General Assembly of Ohio assembled 
here during the sessions of 1810-11 and 1811-12, when Columbus 



24 LOCATION AND POPULATION. 

was selected and became the permanent seat of government of 
Ohio. For a number of years succeeding this Zanesville was 
regarded as one of the principal towns of Ohio. But the extensive 
internal improvements which were inaugurated at an early 
period m the historyof the State, and which were extensively pros- 
ecuted under State authority, had the effect to direct immigration 
to other sections and build up rival communities, and Zanesville 
for a time lost, to some extent, her relative position as a manu- 
facturing and commercial town. But the resources of Muskingum 
County, the advantages of the city for trade and business, and the 
l^osition of the place as a railroad centre are now arresting public 
attention and directing it to this point to a degree not hitherto 
known, and imparting to the place a healthy Snd vigorous growth- 
The object is, however, not here to fui-nish history, but present 
Zanesville as it is, and as it stands related to the business world. 

Location. — Zanesville is located near the geographical centre, 
as also the centre of population and business, of Muskingum County. 
It is situated on both, banks of the Muskingum river, and that 
portion West of the river is again divided by Licking river, the 
different sections of the city being connected by large and jDcrma- 
nent bridges. It is on the meridian of forty degrees of Nortli Lat- 
itude. Its mean annual temperature is about 57 degrees, showing 
its climate corresponds wdth that of St. Louis, Cincinnati and Bal- 
timore. The distance of the place from the more important points 
in Ohio are, by rail, as follows : 

Zanesville to Cincinnati 170 miles. 

" Dayton 123 

" Columbus 69 

Toledo 183 " 

Sandusky 145 

Cleveland 137 " 

Bellaire 78 " 

Marietta 82 " 

Marietta (by river) 78 " 

Kailroads are in process of construction which, when comjjleted, 
will connect Zanesville with Pomeroy, 80 miles, and Gallipolis, 95 
miles. While now the communication between all parts of the city 
is free and the transit raj)id, thus to a considerable extent removing 
the obstruction which the rivers create, the necessity exists for 
additional bridges, and such are in contemplation and will be 
erected at an early day. 

Fopidation. — In population and wealth Zanesville is the sixth city 
of the State, the leading cities being Cincinnati, Cleveland, Colum- 
bus, Toledo, Dayton and Zanesville. By a census taketi undeir tlie 



ZANESVILLE AS A PLACE OF EESIDENCE. 25 

authority of the City Council in September, 1873, the population of 
the city was then ascertained to be 16,536. By an enumeration of 
the youth, of school age (between five and twenty- one years,) taken 
under the direction of the Board of Education in September, 1873, 
the number of such youth was ascertained to be 5,045, an increase 
over the enumeration of 1872 of 509. The population is, at this 
time, increasing more rapidly than at any preceding period in its 
history ; and should another census be taken in the fall of 1874 the 
population will not fall much, if any, below 20,000. 

The city is di^'ided into nine wards, six being situated East and 
three West and South of the Muskingum river, and is now 
organized under the general law of the State for the creation and 
government of municipal corporations. It is also divided into five 
School Districts to accommodate the children and youth who attend 
upon the public schools. 



CHAPTER II. 

Zanesville as A Place of Residence — Accessibility — Eligibility- 
Health — Schools — Libraries — Educational Facilities — Churches 
— Society. 

Accessibility. — One of the chief items and indeed of leading influ- 
ence in determining the value and attractiveness of a place for res- 
idence, as also its importance in a business point of view, is its 
accessibility. It is a consideration which at this day is neither 
overlooked nor forgotten, and as trade and commerce increase and 
population advances it constantly gains in importance. In this 
particular few places possess advantages superior to Zanesville. 
Consider, for a moment, the position here commanded. 

By means of the Ohio canal, Zanesville is connected with Ports- 
mouth on the Ohio river, and Lake Erie at Cleveland, and all the 
principal towns and cities in the interior of the State situated on 
the canal and its branches. By the Muskingum river, affording a 
water capacity sufficient to transport steamers of from two himdred 
and seventy-five to three hundred tons bui'then, it is connected with 
the Ohio river at Marietta, and fi'om thence with all points on the 
(-4) 



ZANE8VILLE AS A PLACE OF RESIDENCE. 

Ohio, Mississippi and Missouri rivers and their tributaries. 
Steamers loaded at the Zanesville wharf have discharged their 
cargoes at Pittsbui-g and Brownsville in Pennsylvania, at St. Paul 
and New Orleans on the Mississippi, and at St. Joseph and Omaha 
on the Missouri. 

A glance at the map will demonstrate that the railroad facilities 
are equal to those of any other place. It has the Central Ohio 
Division of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road, being an extension of 
the latter road westward from the Ohio river, thus affording direct 
communication with Wheeling and Baltimore on the East, and 
Columbus, Chicago and all other western cities, on the West. By 
the Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley Railway, being the Southern 
branch of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis road, Zanesville 
is again directly connected with Steuben ville and Pittsburg, Phila- 
deljihia and New York on the East, and Cincinnati and St. Louis 
on the West. By way of Newark and Mansfield, Zanesville is con 
nected with Sandusky, Toledo and Detroit, on the North-west. 
During the year 1874 the Cleveland and Zanesville line of railroad 
will be completed, and Zanesville will then have direct communica- 
tion with Wooster, Akron and Cleveland, and the other lake cities 
on the North. By the Marietta and Pittsbui'g road it is connected 
with Marietta and Parkersburg, thus making the place accessible to 
the valleys of the uj^per Wills creek and Duck creek, and by the 
same road again it is made accessible to the valleys of the lower 
Wills creek, the White Woman and Tuscarawas rivers. Indeed the 
entire region of the upper Muskingum is now, by rail, rendered 
directly and immediately accessible to Zanesville. By the Hocking 
Valley road Zanesville is connected with Athens and all points on 
the Marietta and Cincinnati road, and by other lines of railroad 
now in the course of construction Zanesville will, within two or 
at most three years, be connected with Pomeroy and Gallipolis. In 
a short time the Mansfield and Cold Water Michigan road will be 
extended South east to intersect the Cleveland and Zanesville road 
a few miles north of "Zanesville, thus again forming an immediate 
communication with North-western Ohio and Michigan. In addi- 
tion, by an inspection of the map, it will be seen that other roads 
are in contemplation, charters for the same having been obtained, 
with the view of developmg the mineral resources of the County, 
and the territory situated between it and the Ohio river, the con- 
struction of which roads is only a question of time. It will thus 
be seen that the railroad facilities of Zanesville and its Hncs of 
water commuication are such as to render the place equally acces- 
sible with any in the entu'e West. The following table gives the dis- 



ELIGIBILITY, HEALTH, 27 

tance from Zanesville to the larger cities outside of Oliio, East and 

West, viz : 

Zanesvillo to Baltimore 45-4 miles, 

" Pittsburg 151 " 

" Philadelphia 509 " 

" New York , 595 " 

« Buffalo 320 " 

" Detroit 248 " 

" Chicago 383 " 

" St. Louis 510 " 

Eligihility. — The claim in behalf of Zanesville on the score of 
eligibility can with confidence be made. Its situation in this 
particular challenges comparison. Its immediate surroundings are 
most picturesque and beautiful. The walks and drives about the 
city afford, at every tui'n, variety of view and beauty of landscape 
unsurpassed. There is here no sameness, no dull monotony, but 
the eye is everywhere and constantly relieved by the view pre- 
sented. A drive along the banks of the river, or a sail upon its 
surface, is an event that the mind delights to dwell upon. The 
slopes, rising grounds and hill sides, in the immediate vicinity over- 
looking the valleys of the Muskingum, Licking and Moxahala, 
afford sites for residence that command the admiration of all per- 
sons of refined and cultivated taste. It was the remark of one who 
had had the experience of travel in nearly every State of the 
Union, after seeing the surroundings of Zanesville, that he had 
been in few places which furnished as many beautiful landscape 
views as are here presented. The remark was, however, only the 
reiteration of that of every individual who has here had any oppor 
timity for observation. 

Health. — No healthier place can be fotmd in Ohio, if in the 
whole country, than Zanesville. This would be infered fi'om the 
easy di-ainage, the purity of the water, the character of the country 
round about, the evenness of the climate as shown by the mean 
temperature of the place already alluded to, and ihe varying 
breezes that float along the valleys and fan the hillsides in its 
immediate vicinity. It is also demonstrated from the small number 
of interments in the several city cemeteries duruig the year 1873, 
as shown by the reports of the several sextons having the ceme- 
teriesin charge. A fact here in this connection deserves attention 
and should not be omitted. Among the teachers and pupils of the 
Putnam Female Seminary, now in existence over thirty-five years, 
and averaging annually from one hundred to one hundred and 
twenty-five pupils, there has never occuiTed a single death. The 
first death that has occurred among the teachers of the Zanesville 



28 EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES, CHILDEEN'8 HOME, 

# 

Public Schools since the organization of the present system of 
schools, more than twenty years ago, was in March, 1874. It may 
also be stated that no epidemic of a serious character, or one 
assuming alarming features, such as have occasioned anxiety and 
created consternation among other communities, has ever here 
prevailed. 

Educational Advantages. — Another important consideration in 
determining the value or desirableness of a place for residence is 
the character of the educational facihties afforded. The public 
schools of Zanesville have ever been regarded as among the best in 
the State. Graduates of the Zanesville High School have, with 
scarce an exception, become successful and prominent business 
men in all the relations they have sustained iu life. During the 
last school year there were employed in these public schools 
sixty-one teachers, including SuiDerintendent and teachers in 
music and penmanship. The schools are in operation forty weeks 
in each year, and are entirely sustained from the public fund 
except as hereafter noted. The course of study is thorough, that 
of the High School requiring three years to complete it. The 
subject of erecting, at an early day, a High School building, com- 
modious, adequate in all respects to the wants of the times and 
conformable to the spirit and intelligence of the age, is now 
engaging the attention of the Board of Education, the grounds for 
the same, one entire square in the central part of the city, being 
secured for such purpose. Connected with the High School is a 
Commercial School, where facilities are fiu'nished for obtaining a 
complete commercial and business education, and equal to any 
school of like character elsewhere established. 

Mclntire Fund and Children s Home. — In addition to the 
Common School Fund provided by law for the free education of the 
children and youth of the place, the city is in possession, through 
the munificence of the late John Mclntire, one of its founders, of a 
constantly increasing fund, amoimting at this time, in the aggre- 
gate, to over a quarter of a million of dollars, the annual proceeds 
of which is available for educational purposes. This fund is 
securely invested, and the proceeds, after siistainmg a school 
established for the support of orphan and destitute children in an 
institution denominated the "Children's Home," and furnishing 
books for those who are unable to supply themselves, is placed at 
the disposal of the Board of Education for school purposes gen- 
erally. The "Children's Home" above alluded to, under the 
management of a Board of Trustees, is designed to take up the poor 
outcast, clothe and provide for in a proper manner and fiu-nish 



SCHOOLS AND LIBBAMES, 29 

suitable physical, moral and intellectual training, until a home can 
be provided in some suitable family. It has done and must con- 
tinue to do much good, and though comparatively in its infancy 
must, in the future, become one of the attractive benevolent 
institutions of the city. 

St. Colurnha's Academy. — This is an Institution under the man- 
agement and patronage of the Catholics. It is a large and flourish- 
ing school, numbering one year with another about three hundred 
pupils. The buildings are large and commodious, amj)le for the 
accommodation of all who seek or are brought under its advantages, 
and the grounds therewith connected are large and tastefully 
arranged, being decorated with shrubbery and laid off in walks and 
plats. 

Putnam Female Seminary. — This Institution is imJer the man- 
agement of a Board of Trustees, and at the present time has a 
corps of six teachers, including the lady principal. The building, 
is large and admirably adapted to the purpose for which it is 
designed, the groimds are extensive and attractive, and the average 
number of pupils one year with another ranges from one hundred 
and twenty five to one hundred and fifty. For thoroughness of 
scholarship and gentleness and kindness of discipline, together with 
constant watchfulness over the physical and moral training of the 
pupils, this Institution is equal to any in the State. 

Commercial Colletjc. — Zanesville has but one Business or Com- 
mercial College outside of that connected with the High School- 
This sustains the character of being a first class institution of the 
kind, and many of the young men who have been connected with it 
now hold first class positions in the largest Banking and Commer- 
cial houses of the country. 

Libraries. — The Zanesville High School has a Library of 850 
volumes. The Putnam Female Semmary a Library of 2,500 vol- 
umes. The Zanesville Atheneum a Library of 5,500 volumes, and 
among them many rare and valuable works. This last institution 
has a charter granted by the State, and holds or owns property m 
addition to its Library valued at from eight to nine thousand 
doUars. Connected with the Library is a reading room, on the 
tables of which are found the leading papers and jDeriodicals of the 
day, free to all persons not members of the association residing 
without the corporation of Zanesville, and open each day of the 
week from 7 A. M. to 9 P. M. 

Iluskingum College. — This Institution is located at New Concord, 
fourteen miles East of Zanesville, on the Baltimore and Ohio Eail- 
road. It has been in existence about thirty years, being organized 



30 COULEGES AND CHURCHES, 

under a special charter granted by the Legislature of the State, and 
has a corps of five professors. Among its graduates are cjuite a 
number who occupy first class positions in the learned professions. 
Indeed few institutions of learning, in proportion to the number of 
graduates, have sent out a larger number of young men who have 
attained prominent positions in social, business and professional 
life, than has Muskingum College. During the year 1873 a large 
and commodious building was erected (in addition to the former 
building) for the accommodation of the students and for library and 
society halls. The Institution is located in the middle of a highly 
intelligent, moral and religious community, and its Board of 
Trustees are selected from the various religious denominations. 

McCorkle College. — This is a new Institution, located at Bloom- 
field, in the North-eastern section of the County, chartered under 
the general laws of the State for the incorporation of colleges and 
institutions of learning, and though its Board of Trustees are 
selected from the various religious denominations it is maintained 
and supported by the Seceders. A large building was erected last 
year for the accommodation of students, and on first opening in 
September, 1873, forty students were admitted and the various 
classes fully organized. Its corps of instructors consists of a 
President and three professors, and it begins its history under most 
encouraging prbspects. The commimity siuTounding, in resj)ect 
to morals and intelligence, is equal to any elsewhere to be found, 
and takes a lively interest in all that pertains to the prospects of the 
institution. 

Churches. — Zanesville has twenty church edifices and twenty- 
two religious societies, distributed among the various religious 
denominations as follows : Three Presbyterian, one United Pres- 
byterian, four Methodist Episcopal and one Protestant Methodist, 
two Baptist, two Lutheran, (German and English,) two Catholic, 
(German and English,) one United Brethren in Christ, one Episco- 
pal, and three colored, (two Baptist and one Methodist.) The 
Universalists and Hebrews have each quite large societies, but as 
yet neither have churches erected for their accommodation. Every 
religious denomination above enumerated has at this time a settled 
pastor. The Young Men's Christian Association has a reading 
room open at all hours of the day and in the evening, and its meet- 
ings are most usually held in some one of the halls of the city. 

The social, moral and educational advantages of Zanesville, it 
will be seen from this review, are equal to almost any other place. 
Here the youth of either sex can receive all the advantages of a 
business and classical education, and at night be under the 



ZANESVILLE AND ITS rNDUSTEIES. 31 

parental roof. Wliat parent looking to the welfare of his children 
could ask for more in an educational point of view than is here 
secured. 

Society. — The society of Zanesville, as also that of Muskingum 
County generally, was originally made up from a moral and intelli- 
gent class of emigrants from the Middle States. It retains, to a 
considerable extent, the staid, conservative character it originally 
possessed, and is remarkably free from the extravagancies that 
characterize many other communities. It is not on the one hand a 
stereotyped model, nor is it on the other characterised for giddi- 
ness, dissipation, folly or social extravagances or excesses. Sensa- 
tions are rarely enjoyed, and while it may be said to be up to the 
times, a golden mien may be regarded as the peculiarity of the 
Zanesville people. 



CHAPTER III. 



Zanesville and its Industries — Iron Business — Furnaces — Rolling 

Mill — Machine Shops — Foundries — Agricultural Implements — 

Glass Manufactures — Other Industries. 

To the man of business and business enterprise the contemplation 
of Zanesville as Zanesville is, must surely be a subject of pleasing 
interest. Not merely to the citizen of Zanesville is this the case. 
No one who watches the growth and jjrosperity of communities, 
whose soul is enlivened with the progressive ideas which character- 
ize an intelligent and enterprising i^eople, can escape the convic- 
tion, when witnessing the varied industries here established and 
the extent to which they] are prosecuted, that thrift and success 
generally prevail, and that a solid business character is main- 
tained. Even during the unj)recedented panic of the past 
winter not a single manufacturing establishment suspended 
operations, not a merchant failed in business. On the contrary, 
both mercantile and manufacturing enterprises, new and hitherto 
unknown, have been projected, organized and pushed forward with 
an energy and on a scale of magnitude unprecedented in the his- 
tory of the place. It is from such considerations that attention is 
now invited to the industries of Zanesville. 

Jfamtfacturing Interests. — The manufacturing interests of Zanes- 
ville are at this time its leading attraction. It is a growing 



32 MANUFACTURE OP IRON. 

interest and reflects credit upon the business character of the 
place. It is imparting to the city a permanent and sohd character, 
and placing it among the most prosperous cities of the West. The 
progress made in this direction has been much more rapid during 
the past year than during any preceeding year of its history. 
Old industries have been enlarged and extended and new ones 
added which bid fair to become large and j^rosperous enterprises. 
What, imtil recently, was regarded with indifference, has now 
become a source of pride. This stimulus to manufacturing indus- 
try is attributed to the fact that fuel and living are so cheap, 
market suppHes of all kinds so abundant, the facilities for shipment 
so sui^erior, and the location so central and generally so advanta- 
geous. Besides a more enlightened and liberalized sentiment than 
heretofore existed now prevails, and there is exhibited more of a 
disjiosition to encourage productive enteri^rises by furnishing 
money at liberal rates to aid in their prosecution. In the language 
of one of Zanes^'ille's own citizens, "The incubus of usury no longer 
finds comfortable rest in a di'iving business communit}'." Every 
manufacturmg enteri^rise here established, wheii managed with 
careful, practical and'energetic hands, has proved a success, a 
success, too, which rewards industry and stimulates effort. To 
enumerate, the first industry which claims attention is that devoted 
to the 

Manufacture of Iron. — The iron business of ZanesviUe in its 
various branches constitutes, at this time, its most im^iortant in- 
dustrial interest. This interest is a growing on e, and is destined, 
at no distant day, to become one of vast magnitude. The reason 
of this is obvious. Zanesville, as shown in a pre\dous chapter, is 
siu'rounded with beds of iron ore. You have, as it were, in many 
places, but to tickle the earth and the ore becomes visible. The 
hills in the immediate vicinity of Zanes ville aboiuid with this val- 
uable metal, ready to be manipulated by the hands of skilled arti- 
sans into whatever shape utility, genius or taste demands. On 
account of the facility with which ore can here, at all times, be ob- 
tamed, the native ore being delivered from wagons and the foreign 
by rail, and the fact that coal in such abundance, suitable for mak- 
ing coke and smelting, here abound, and th at hills of limestone are 
in full view of the city, iron is made at the most reasonable rates, 
and at the same time with remunerative profits to the mill owners. 
Any one will be satisfied of this when a comparison of the price of 
the raw material is here instituted with the price of the same at 
other points, and also takes into consideration the other items of 
expense that enter into the manufacture of ii-on- It is estimated by 



FUENACES^AND ROLLING MILL. 33 

experienced iron men that iron can here be made at from three to 
five dollars per ton less than at any other point in' Ohio possessing 
like railroad and water facilities for transportation. 

Furnaces and Rolling Mill. — Zanesville has two Furnaces and 
one Kolling ]\Iill, all owned and operated by the " Ohio Iron Com- 
pany." At this time one of the furnaces, charcoal, is not, and 
has not for some months been in operation. The other furnace, 
and much the most extensive, using coal and coke exclusively in 
the manufacture of iron, went into operation on the 7th day of 
September, 1871, and from that day to the present time has been 
continuously in blast, excepting temporary stops made without 
blowing out, (or cooling down,) and is still (April, 1874) running.* 
The average product of pig metal during this time has been some- 
thing over one thousand tons per month. The Rolling Mill has 
an annual capacity of near eight thousand tons of manufactured 
iron. The company has its own coke works, new but not yet in 
comj^lete operation, consisting of twenty-four ovens, and these, 
when perfected according to the plan or design of their construc- 
tion, are expected to furnish all the coke the company will require. 
The company has in its constant employ, in and about the Fur- 
nace, Rolling Mill and coke works, about three hundred men, 
exclusive of about one hundred coal diggers and haulers, and on an 
average the year round another hundi'ed engaged in mining and 

* The fact that the Zanesville Furnace has been in full uJast, and the rolling- 
mill in operation to its utmost capacity, during the entire panic, speaks much 
for the a;dvantages of Zanesville as a point for the manufacture of iron. Thi' 
Miners' Journal and Statistical Eegister, published at Pottsville, Pa, an annual 
publication, in the number for January, 1874, has an article upon "the etfects 
of the panic upon the American Iron Trade." The following items, condensed 
from the article, will be read with interest at this time : 

On the .31st day of last December there were in the United States 57 Eail 
Mills. 'The Journal had at that date reports of the condition of 50 of these 
mills. Of these 50 mills, 83 were standing idle, 10 running full time, and 7 run- 
ning on half time. 

There were also 650 blastfurnaces in the United States, and the Journal, on 
the .same daj', had received reports from 385 of these furnaces. The following 
was their condition : 

Stacka in blast 247 

" out of blast 138 

The Journal, commenting on these results, says : 

"From the foregoing tables it will be seen how severely the two leading 
branches of the iron trade were aflected by the panic at the beginning of the 
new year. Ovei; 30,000 hands were wholly unemployed, and over 10,000 cm- 
ployed only a part of the time. ••■ * * Statistics in our pos- 
session also show that the wages of all iron workers Jiave been largely reduced. 
These figures do not require comment.'' 
(5) 



34 MACHINE SHOPS AND FOUNDRIES. 

liauling limestone and ore. In the works of tlie company there 
are employed nine steam engines of various sizes, three of which 
are very large and powerful ; five steam pumps and one eighteen 
ton locomotive. The entire works of the company cover about ten 
acres of ground, and they are situated immediately on the line of 
the two railroads passing through the place, and on the bank of the 
Muskingum river, thus obviating the expense and necessity of 
drayage, either of the raw material or manufactured product. 
Few iron mills have any where been projected on a more enlarged 
scale than those here established, and few have anywhere been 
more successfully operated. The propriety of erecting additional 
Furnaces and Kolhng IMills has been, of late, much discussed, but 
the matter has not as yet assumed definite and tangible shape. 
A revival of business and with this an increased demand for iron 
will, no doubt, at an early da^^ put into operation such projected 
enterprises. The capital for the purpose is at command whenever 
it can be employed to advantage. 

3Iachine Shops. — A large capital is employed in Zanesville in 
the manufacture of steam engines of all kinds, and of portable 
steam saw mills. Three establishments are thus exclusively en- 
gaged- The product of two of these amounts, each, to more than 
three-quarters of a million of dollars annually. Their wares have 
foimd a sale in almost all sections of the globe. Portable mills of 
Zanesville manufacture have been ordered from nearly every State 
and Territory of the Union, including California and Oregon ; from 
Canada, Mexico, South America, Sandwich Islands, Europe, Aus- 
tralia and New Zealand. These shops are as finely arranged and 
as completely equiped as any similar establishments elsewhere 
found, and no stronger testimony could be presented of the high 
character in which these mills and engines here made are held 
than the fact that they have been so extensively sought, and from 
so many and highly distant quarters. 

Foundries. — Zanesville has four Foundries. Ih these are man- 
ufactured a great variety of castings, but for the most part they are 
employed in making ofiice, cook and parlor stoves, of almost every 
variety, grates, fire fronts and mantles, hollow ware of all kinds, 
and ploughs and agricultural implements. The market for these 
wares, in addition to supplying the home demand, is found princi- 
pally in the Western and Southern States. The "foundry busi- 
ness" in Zanesville has ever been an important branch of industry, 
and been successfully prosecuted by those engaged in it. The 
capital in this Way employed is large, and the interest a rapidly 
growing one. 



AGRICULTURAIi IMPLEMENTS, GLASS MANUFACTURES. 35 

Agricultural Implements. — The manufacture of Agricultural Im- 
plements lias hitherto commanded little attention in Zanesville. 
It has not been made a specialty. Farming implements generally, 
aside from the making of plows in the principal foundries of the 
city, have been manufactured on a very limited scale. But in this 
respect a new departure has been had. In July, 1873, a manufac- 
turing company was organized under the name of " the Brown 
Manufacturing Company," with a capital of three hundred thousand 
dollars, articles of association were secured under the general 
incorporation laws of the State, and immediately the company 
commenced oj)erations. A tract of between four and five acres of 
groimd was purchased situated on the line of the two railroads and 
along the East bank of the Muskingum river, and convenient to 
the business portion of the city, and the erection of suitable 
buildings was at once commenced. Such was the energy with 
which the work was prosecuted that in January, 1874, the company 
was prepared to fill orders for the various articles of theii* manu- 
fagture, consisting of plows of every variety, common and wheel 
cultivators, threshing machines, mowers and reapers, farm and 
lumber wagons, platform and express wagons, buggies, carriages, 
and in fact every variety of farm implements called for. An idea of 
the extent of this establishment may be had from the size and ex- 
tent of the buildings erected for its accommodation. All are of 
brick, the main buildings being three stories in height above base- 
ment, two hundred and thirty feet long and fifty feet wide, with 
wing one hundred and eighty-five feet long, also three stories in 
height. In addition there is attached a foundry where all the 
castings used in the establishment are designed to be made, and an 
extensive black-smith shoj). The company expects to employ, 
when in successful oiDeration, not less than three hundred men, and 
the market for its commodities, already to a considerable extent 
secured, will be found, in addition to the home and neighborhood 
demand, in the States of Missouri, Arkansas, Texas and other 
Southern States. 

Glass Ilamifactures, — The manufacture of glassware in its 
various shapes has ever been an important branch of Zanesville 
industry. Long years ago, in the infancy of manufactures in 
Zanesville, the glass works were regarded as the leading institution 
of the place. The business from that day to the j)re^ent time has 
constantly grown in importance, and it has now become one of the 
leading industries here established. There are two glass factories 
in the city, one of which constantly employs from sixty to seventy 
five men, and is engaged exclusively in making druggists' and 



36 DOOR, SASH AND FURNITURE FACTORIES. 

hollow ware, and the other, employing from one hundred and 
twenty five to one hundred and fifty men, manufactures druggists' 
and hollow ware of every variety, colored glass ware, window glass 
of all sizes, and glass for show cases and store fronts, equal in 
quality and size to any made west of the Alleghany mountains. 
The lime and sand stone iised in these establishments are obtained 
in the vicinity of Zanesville, and are regarded equal to any material 
of the kind elsewhere found. The market for these wares is secured 
in the West, North-west and South. The abundance and cheap- 
ness of the raw material, and the facilities for transj^ortation are 
such, that the industry has here been regarded as a most successful 
one, and one which, in the not distant future, must acquire vast 
magnitude and importance. 

T^oor and Sash Factories. — Another important industry of Zanes- 
ville is its door and sash factories. In these factories are not made 
doors and sash merely, but window frames and blinds, flooring and 
general furnishings for buildings, in fact every thing connected 
with the dejDartment of carpentery. There are six establishments 
of the kind in the city, in all the machinery is driven by steam 
power, and the quality of the work, its finish, style and durability, 
is fully up to the standard adopted in the largest cities. Not for 
private residences merely, but for ofiices, churches and public 
structures of all kinds, are orders filled for whatever is demanded. 
Zanesville possesses facilities for the successful prosecution of this 
branch of industry peculiarly advantageous. Aside from the fact 
that the home supply of lumber is considerable in amount, the city 
is accessible by rail and river navigation to the extensive forests of 
West Virginia, where the supply of soft poplar is inexhaustible, and 
has the advantage of canal and railroad for transportation of pine 
lumber from the forests of ^Michigan and Canada. There are few 
points where lumber and material for finishing buildings can b^ 
had more cheaply and in greater variety than here. The market for 
these manufactured articles is not dependant merely on the home 
demand, but is found in the towns along the different lines of rail 
road here converging, and also the canal and river. 

Furniture. — To the manufactiu'e of fiu-niture here little attention 
has hitherto been paid. There is at this time, however, manifest 
a rapidly increasing interest in tliis business, and the indications 
are that at a not distant day it will be considered one of the impor- 
tant industries of Zanesville. The fact that steam power is here so 
cheap, and that lumber of every variety emj^loyed in the manufac- 
ture of furniture, pine, white and yellow poplar, black and white 
walnut, oak. wild cherry, maple and other woods, can here be sup 



COTTON, WOOLEN AND FLOURING MILLS. 37 

plied SO cheaply and readily, has had the effect recently to impart 
to this business an unwonted stimulus. There are now several 
quite extensive furniture establishments in the city, and the styles 
of furniture manufactured, parlor and chamber sets, drawing- 
room and office furniture, have, on account of their elegant finish, 
commanded general attention, and secured for their proprietors 
sales in Eastern and Western cities. Parlor sets of the richest 
and most elegant designs have been ordered from Zanesville shops 
to furnish the mansions of the wealthy in distant communities. 

Cotton and Woolen Mills. — Zanesville has one Cotton and three 
Woolen Mills. The Cotton Mill contains two thousand sijindles 
and twenty-eight carding machines, and closely connected with 
this is a large batting mill, the same power driving the machinery 
of each. The machinery of each of these mills is all new and all 
corresponds, and is of the most approved patterns. Additional 
machinery is being added, which, when completed, will make these 
mills as complete throughout as can elsewhere be found. The 
manufactured goods consist of brown muslins, white and colored 
carpet and coverlet warp, yarns, wrapping twine, tissue and other 
batting, and other articles of like character. The Woolen Mills, 
the machinei'y of two of which are driven by water and one by 
steam power, have a capacity for manufacturing annually from four 
hundred and fifty to five hundred thousand pounds of wool. The 
goods manufactured consist of different varieties of jeans and 
cassinetts, yarns, and domestic wares generally. 

Flouring Mills. — Owing to the partial failure of the wheat croj) 
for several seasons past, throughout South-eastern Ohio generally, 
the manufacture of flour for the Atlantic cities has not of late been 
carried on as extensively as in former years, yet the manufacturing 
capacity of the Zanesville Flouring Mills, and the quality of the 
flour made, should not, in a work of this kind, be omitted. There 
are, at this time, in Zanesville, only five of these mills, containing in 
all forty pair of Buhrs, the machinery of three of these mills, and 
those the most extensive, being driven by water power, furnished 
by water drawn from the canal, and two by steam power. The 
Zanesville flour has ever been of a superior quality and commanded 
the highest prices in the New York market. Some of the fancy 
brands have been sought to such an extent that the mills have been 
imable to supply the demand. In the United States Patent 
Office Eeport for 1855, testimony is furnished that the flour of the 
Muskingum Valley took the First Premium at the World's Fair in 
London. This result may be attributable as much to the superior 
quality of wheat grown upon the limestone soil of this section of 



38 PAPER MILLS, BTJELVL CASES AND POTTERY. 

Ohio, the berry being very large, solid and heavy, as to the ambi- 
tion of the millers to furnish flour of superior merit. 

Paper Mills. — Another interest among the more important of the 
industries of Zanesville should not, in this enumeration, be over- 
looked. Two extensive paper mills are here in operation, the one 
employed in the manufacture, principally, of straw wrapping paper, 
and the other in the manufacture of news and book jn-inting paper. 
The machinery of these mills is of the most approved pattern, and 
the demand for their paper comes not merely from neighboring 
towns and cities but from* distant States. 

Burial Cases. — The manufacture of Burial Cases is a new indus- 
try in the place, the business having first commenced less than three 
years since, and has, from a small beginning, grown to large dimen- 
sions, and become one of the important industries of the city. The 
machinery is driven by water power, the water being taken from 
the canal. These cases are of elegant design and finish, and in 
addition to suj)plying the home demand are called for in other and 
distant cities. On an average two car loads each week are sent 
abroad. 

Stone and Pottery Ware. — Owing to the extensive beds of potters' 
clay in the immediate vicinity of Zanesville, a large amount of 
potters' ware is manufactured where this clay abounds, and the 
industry may be regarded as a Zanesville industry. To such an 
extent is this business conducted that near one and a half millions 
of gallons of this ware are annually exported. It is conveyed by 
the car load to distant States, and by boats to all points on the 
Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Every variety of this ware is manu- 
factured, no article called for that is not supplied, no order pre- 
sented that is not immediately filled. As nothing goes abroad for 
the raw material the entire revenue derived from its sales is 
brought back and retained in the community. In connection with 
the manufacture of potters' ware, the manufactiu-e of drain tile has 
been carried on to a considerable extent, and is destined, at an 
early day, to become an important branch of this business. The 
manufacture of tile for roofing has also been here commenced on 
quite an extensive scale, and thus far has proved a success. The 
business is, however, in its infancy, and to what extent it may be 
developed remains to be seen. It would seem, however, the de- 
mand must be in excess of the supply, however great that supply 
may become, as the tile is mamifactured from the best fire clay, 
and burned so as to be impervious to water, and for roofing is 
regarded as superior to slate, and furnished at a less expense. 



CANDIES, CONFECTIONS, NEWSPAPERS, OMNIBUS LINE, ETC. 39 

Candies and Confections. — The manufacture of candies and con- 
fections of every variety, and of crackers, has here become a business 
of extensive importance, sufficient at least tu rank it as one of the 
leading industries of the city. Two large establishments, with 
approved machinery driven by steam power, are thus exclusively 
engaged, besides several smaller ones. Some idea of the extent of 
the business may be formed from the fact that one of these estab- 
lishments uses thirty barrels of flour and three barrels of sugar 
daily. The articles made go to almost every State West and to 
some East of the Ohio river. 

Neivspapers. — Zanesville sustains four Newspaper establishments, 
one daily and three weekly, and connected with each of these is a 
job office. There are also in addition three job printing offices 
where printing and publishing of any kind and to any extent can be 
procured, from a circular to a quarto. Two of these job offices 
have connected with them book binderies. 

Omnibus Lines. — Three omnibus lines, all establishedthe present 
year, are now in operation, thus connecting all parts of the city and 
rendering travel easy, rapid and quick. An additional line will be 
in operation at an early day. A street railway company has been 
incorporated, and will be organized and the work pushed forward 
to comjiletion as soon as an additional bridge is secured, the subject 
of building which is now pending before the Board of County Com- 
missioners, 

Other Industries. — To go into details in respect to all the various 
manufacturing enterprises of Zanesville w^ould be tedious, and the 
work unnecessary. To allude to a few additional to those already 
enumerated may, however, be proper. 

The manufacture of Lucifer matches was here commenced, on 
quite an extensive scale, in the fall of 1873, and thus far the busi- 
ness has been a success. The encouragement received has been 
such as to justify the proprietor in enlarging his machinery much 
beyond what was at first contemj)lated. Zanesville has three 
tanneries, the leading one, steam, making from nine to ten thousand 
sides of leather annually ; three soap, candle and lard oil factories, 
one of which makes annually over two millions of pounds of soap, 
in quality ranging through every variety, from the fine toilet to 
that employed in daily or ordinary use, and from two hundred and 
fifty to three hundred thousand pounds of candles, and one thous- 
and barrels of railroad oil ; four marble factories, where can b e 
found monuments of every variety, mantles and whatever else is 
designed or fashioned from marble blocks or slabs ; one last and 
boot tree factoi"y, where not merely lasts and boot-trees are made 



40 EEVIEW, FACILITIES FOR MANUFACTUKING. 

but crimps, clamps, shoe-pegs, instep and tree stretchers ; neck 
yokes ; plow handles and wagon and carriage spokes ; i)ick, sledge, 
hatchet, hammer, hoe, fork and axe handles; tobacco and cigar 
boxes, kitchen furniture, and in fact almost every thing else called 
for that can be made from wood, from a clothes pin to a rocking 
horse ; one file works, one brass foundry, one stocking factory^ 
one factory f jr making paper sacks for grocers and millers, six 
tobacco and cigar factories, several of them quite extensive, six 
breweries, and quite a number of other industries of more or less 
note unnecessary to enumerate. 

Review. — It will be seen from the foregoing brief review of the 
manufactm-ing interests of Zanesville that the place is already well 
supplied with that which gives permanency, stability and growth to 
a community. There is here a large amount of skilled labor em- 
ployed. It is that which enlivens trade, which gives character to 
business, which builds up and establishes communities. Many of 
these industries which have been enumerated are yet in their in- 
fancy, but the encouragement all such are receiving warrants their 
success, if judiciously managed. What is a success in one locality 
in another, under the same management may, and often does, 
prove a failure. Earely has a manufacturing enterprise been here 
undertaken which nas not been successfully prosecuted, and manu- 
facturing capital here invested has rarely sought to be transferred 
to other localities. This fact alone speaks more for the advantages 
this city affords for the employment of manufacturing skill than 
whole volumes besides. One argument from fact is worth an entire 
treatise of mere theory. 



CHAPTER lY. 



ZANES^^LLE AS A jManufacturing City — Facilities for Makufactuking 
— Advantages Possessed — Fuel — Steam Power — Transportatiok — 
General Eeflections. 

Zp.nesville and its immediate vicinity possesses facilities for man- 
ufacturing m nearly, if not quite, all the industries requiring 
skilled labor, it is believed, all things considered, equal, if not 
i-uperior to any place East or West. In every item to be taken into 
account in the make up of a manufncturinkj city comparison is chal- 
lenged. It was the remark of the late John Quiuoy Adams, made in 
reference to the water power here existing, that "Zanesville "^as the 



CHEAPNESS OF LIVING, RENTS. 41 

Lowell of the West." Henry Clay, in one of bis letters, after per- 
sonal inspection of the water power at this point, said : " The 
water power furnished by the James river at Kichmond makes it 
the best manufacturing site in the United States save that at Zanes 
ville, Ohio." These opinions were expressed before the era of coal 
and railway transportation appeared. But opinions are nothing, 
even when entertained and expressed by men eminent in social 
and political life, unless supported by reasons and sustained by 
facts. "What are the essentials for a prosperous and successful 
manufactui-ing community '? Let us consider. 

Accesfiibilify, Health, Educational Facilities and Social and Re- 
ligious Advantages. — These have all been sufficiently considered in 
a previous chapter. Nothing further need be said upon these 
l^oints. Each is important, essential, and all combined are of the 
highest significance. The community possessing them has an 
advantage that none other can command. Here they are all found 
in a pre-eminent degree. 

Cheapness of Living. — In no city of equal or like importance 
with Zanesville, one as populous, can family supplies be obtained 
cheaper than here. This would naturally be inferred from what 
has been said in relation to the farming of Muskingum County. 
It is attributable to the mixed husbandry that prevails throughout 
this entire section of country, the solid and reliable character of 
the farming population generally, and the large area devoted to 
gardening, and the numerous small farms in the immediate vicinity 
of the city. The supply of every article in the line of vegetables 
and fruits required in the household economy, as also of the cereals, 
is very great, thereby inducing large competition and conse- 
quently low prices. The Zanesville market has ever been cele- 
brated for the variety and extent of its supplies, not only sufficient 
at all times for the home demand, but furnishing large amounts for 
shipment to other and less favored places. And as the city grows 
in population, creating an increased demand for market supplies, 
the prices, because of the increased territory to furnish the sup- 
plies, must remain much as they have been established. The rela- 
tive cheapness of living here compared with what it is in other 
cities will hardly be disturbed by increased population. 

Iierits. — Rents here are as low as elsewhere, probably, as a gtaa 
eral thing, much lower. This will be infer)-ed from the cheaptreefe 
of living and cheapness of building material. The cost of a build- 
ing must ever determme, to a very great extent, its rental value, or 
the amount to be paid for its occupancy. Capital employed in 

this way must, relatively, command somewhat the same increase as 
(6) 



42 BUILDING MATERIAL, WATER, FUEL, AVATER-POWEIl. 

when employed in manufacturing and in other industrial pursuits. 
But so many things are to be considered in determining the rental 
value of property that it is imwise to speculate or theorize upon 
the subject. 

Building Material. — Building materials, everything of the raw 
material that enters into the construction of an edifice, not only is 
here found, but abounds. Stone of almost every variety, clay for 
brick, iron, sand, wood, all are at command. Nothing of the raw 
material need be brought from abroad. And nothing need go 
abroad to be manif)ulated into new shapes and returned for use. 
Skilled hands are here found to take up the iron, the stone, the 
clay, the sand and the wood, and convert them all into every 
variety of shape required by the taste, the interest, the want, or 
ability of those who use them. 

Water. — The supply of water, fresh, healthy and cheap, is abun- 
dant, and if that the city furnishes is not satisfactory, a supply can 
always be had by sinking wells to the depth of a few feet. No city 
in the world is better supplied with this needed element than is 
Zanesville, and in none is it more cheaply furnished. But of this 
in a subsequent chapter. 

Fuel. — Coal, because furnished so cheaply, is the only fuel used. 
Wood is no longer in demand. There are probably not a dozen 
families in Zanesville, it is questionable if half that many can be 
found, who use wood in any manner for fuel. Coal is delivered at 
so much a bushel, accordmg to qudity, many families, especially 
the more destitute, using the lowest priced coal, or what is denom- 
inated " slack." This is delivered at two and one half cents per 
bushel, or sixty-two and one half cents per ton. For furnaces in 
dwellings, stores and public buildings, and for stoves, cook and 
office, what is called " nut" coal is generally used, and this is de- 
livered at from four to four and one half cents per bushel, or a little 
over one dollar per ton. For the parlor and grate the higher 
priced coal, lump or block, is employed, and this is delivered at 
seven to eight cents per bushel, or from one dullar and seventy-five 
cents to two dollars per ton. For heating purposes the Zanesville 
coals have no superior. For generating steam they stand unri- 
valled. They ignite quickly and glow with an intense heat. Now, 
is there a city in the West where fuel is supplied at a cheaper rate "'. 
Is there one where it is supplied as cheaply ? 

Water Poiver. — This has Ijeen sufficiently considered. It is con- 
stantly running to waste, stealing uselessly beneath the gromid. 
' It is cheap and can be employed, or made available, at a compara- 
tively trifling expenditure. 



STEAM, GROUNDS, TBANSPORTATION. 43 

Steam, — There are over sixty steam engines iii Zanesville, all at 
work, and all supplied with and run by " coal slack," delivered at 
the prices already named. The cost or expense, per day, of fuel 
to feed the steavi engines of Zanesville is at the rate, on an 
average, of about two and. one half cents for each horse power, and the 
steam thus generated spi-ves, in addition, to warm the building 
when warming is necessary.* Any one skeptical as to this state- 
ment can be satisfied as to its correctness by inquiring at any of 
the foiuidxies. machine shoj)s, or cotton or woolen mills of the 
place.! The question again arises, where in all the world can steam 
be generated at less expense than here ? Where at equal expense ? 

Grounds. — For location or groimd, on which to erect manufac- 
turing buildings, Zanesville possesses imrivaled advantages. The 
grounds in and about the city are so situated that millions upon 
millions of capital might be invested in manufactures and the 
structures for manufacturing purposes be so located that locomo- 
tives, from a choice of railroads, can deposit the raw material from 
the cars within the buildings, and receive the manufactured wares 
from the same for conveyance wherever railroad lines extend. 
Similar conveyance can also be had with canal and steamboat. 
Thus all expense of drayage, either of the raw material or manu- 
factured article, is avoided. 

Transportatixm. — The facilities Zanesville possesses for trans- 
portation, having the advantage of the river, canal and railroads, 
are superior to those of any interior city of Ohio. This, all who are 
acquainted with the place, will acknowledge. Competition in price 

* The Scientific Ainericaii recently contained an article upon utilization of 
fuel in steam engines, in which it was stated that " a pound and a half of ^eoal 
per horse power per hour represented the highest economy of the best classes 
of large engines, and for ordinary sizes such as drive our mills and our work 
shop machinery, double that expenditure is not considered extravagant. We 
can only hope to see these figures greatly reduced by some new unimagined and 
complete revolution in engineering." It will be seen from the statement of the 
text that such economy, so far as expense is concerned, has here already been 
obtained, and that without any effort at economy or design to ascertain how 
cheaply steam could be generated. 

t The Zanesville Cotton Mill, the machinery of which is driven by an eighty- 
five horse power steam engine, having steam pipes for heating purposes con- 
ducted through all parts of the building, use.-, un an average, one hundred 
bushels of ".slack" daily. The Putnam Woolen Mill, with like steam pipes ftu- 
warming it, having a sixty-five horse power engine, uses, on an average, fifty 
l)us]iels "slack"' daily. This is all the fuel required in these establishments for 
all the purposes that heat is necessary, washing and preparing the raw mate- 
rial, drying, coloring, everything demanded in the ]ireparation of the raw mate- 
rial and its conversion for market, . 



^ INDUSTRIES THAT MAY BE JESTAMJ8HED. 

for tmnsportation is thus secured to an e:xtent scarce elsewhere 
equalled, and this, too, is manifest from a glance at the map. 
The advantages the place now affords as a great railroad center, 
and the position maintained in respect to all the grand trunk 
lines that pass through the State from the Eastern cities to the 
Great West, with the thousands of miles of river and steamboat 
navigation, gives a command of markets for every article which 
skill or ingenuity may devise, or which may be fashioned by the 
hands of busy industry, to an extent possessed by few cities of 
the entire country. With a tardy foresight, yet with a promise of 
an executive energy that will compensate for all delay, the citizens 
of Zanesville are now combining the highest skill with the cai)ital 
at their command, and pushing forward with vigor and energy to 
seciu'e the advantages their position affords. 

Industries that may be Established. — That Zanesville is destined 
to become, at no distant day, a vast manufacturing citj^ must be 
manifest to every inquiring and observant mind. Everything 
combines to bring about tliis result. The great accumulation of 
mineral wealth at its doors, more particularly of coal, iron ore and 
limestone, and the various clays that abound, with its unequalled 
position, must, in due time, arrest the attention of cai)italists from 
abroad and secure that consideration which such advantages ever 
command. The three elements necessary to a flourishing and 
wealthy community are here combined : an agricultural region of 
vast and varied productiveness — remarkable advantages for the 
employment of manufacturing capital — and an extensive trade and 
commerce. Such is the confidence entertained that there is left no 
room for jealousy, and there is too much honor for detraction. 
And why should it be otherwise ? 

With lumber and tjansportation clieap Zanesville can manufac 
ture at a profit every article of wood work which the house or the 
farm may require. Whatever of furniture or agricultural imple- 
ments may be called for or ordered may here be met. It can and 
should manufacture everything from a chair to a piano, from a 
hand rake to a reaper, from a wagon to a rail car. With iron mills 
equal to the resources of the place, Zanesville iron works should 
rival those of Pittsburg, Sheffield and Bii-mingham.* Every kind 
of tools or machinery, every article of iron or steel, from a shoe- 

* The Zanesville Furnace, during the year 187o, paid for raw material, 
delivered, as follows : For limestone for fiux, one dollar fifteen cents per 
ton ; for coal for smelting, one dollar seventy-five cents to two dollars per ton ; 
f(n- native iron ore, using three-fourths native ore with one-fourth -Lake Supe- 
rior and Missouri ore, three fifty to five dollars per ton. 



GENERAL REFLECTIONS. 45 

tacK to a steam engine, from a pick-axe to a k)comotivo, from the 
hair spring of a watch to a portable saw mill, from a nail to a 
Columbiad, should here be fashioned and fiu'nished to meet any 
required demand. The potters' clay and kaolin that here exists 
preclude the idea of exhaustion, and how far they may be used to 
rival Devonshu-e remains to be determined. All that is required to 
become famous for crockery and queensware, for earthen and porce- 
lain, is the requisite art, the skillful hands and patient industry, such 
as Europe furnishes. For these and other industries, nmnerous and 
extensive, useful and commanding, whether of economy, of art, of 
taste or of necessity, where else are the facilities for their produc- 
tion superior "? Where equal ? 

General liefiections. — An extensive agricultural community never 
reaches the highest material prosperity. The wealth of States is 
largely dependant upon a variety of industries. A diversity of 
occupations creates a higher social intelligence, a more rapid inter- 
change of ideas among the members of a community, better mar- 
kets, a quicker circulation of money, greater economy of materiel 
and ampler internal resources. This is illustrated wherever 
diversity of occupations exist.* And different kinds of manufac- 
tures utilize the various raw materials. In a community where 
manufactures are numerous and varied no commodity is lost. 
Every kind of raw material which has a commercial value com- 
mands its price and is fabricated into articles which are demanded. 

* The following extract from a recent publication may be of interest in this 
connection, and it very well illustrates the idea expressed in the text. 

" The Superintendent of the Cambria Iron "Works, at Johnstown, Pa., re- 
cently communicated to the Commissioner of Internal Kevenue some very 
significant and illustrative statistics. 

The quantity of food annually consumed by the population dependant upon 
the company is : 

Beef cattle 2,000 head. 

Sheep 3,000 " 

Swine 4,000 " 

Flour 20,000 bbls. 

Johnstown furnishes a ready market for all kinds of agricultural products. 
The supply of butter, eggs, fruits and vegetables, is not equal to the demand. 
Large quantities are imported from the neighboring markets. Unimproved 
land within seven miles of the Cambria furnaces is worth from $150 to $300 per 
acre. Similar land lying beyond the influence of the Iron "Works, is worth but 
$30 per acre. The effect of this nuinufactory upon the value of real estate is 
perceptiblefor fifty miles. In 186-4 and 1805, this establishment paid to its 
employes $2,995,370. As the earnings of a manual laborer are mostly ex- 
pended upon the means of living, a large proportion of this great aggregate 
must have gone into the pockets of the adjacent farmers." 



46 ZANESVILLE AS A COMMERCIAL CITY. 

A thousand substances are thus transformed into useful products, 
and material is utilized which otherwise would be lost. The great 
arguments of political economy urge here the extension of manu- 
facturing enterprises. The effect becomes apparent. The value of 
real estate is enhanced, the demand for farm products stimulates 
the highest capacity of the soil to produce, emi^loyment is fur- 
nished to thousands of artisans, all raw material is utilized, the 
labor of production is coined into wealth, the cost of fabrication 
is paid out at home, tlie expense of transportation from remote 
points is avoided, home markets are improved, the golden patron- 
age of neighboring commmiities is secured, the profits and opera- 
tions of agriculture and commerce are increased, a knowledge of 
the arts is diffused, intercourse promoted, ideas exchanged, and 
material progress advanced. To bring about these results all that 
is required is a generous liberality at home, a business cunning that 
looks beyond self, and a wise improvement of the resources at com- 
mand. 



CHAPTER V. 



Zaxesville as a Commercial City — Retail Trade — The Jobbing 
Business — Commercial Advantages — Matters to be Considered. 

The next important interest of Zanesville, entitled to considera- 
tion, is its trade and commerce, and the position of the place as a 
commercial center. The advantages the city has in this particular 
are not inferior in importance to the advantages it possesses as a 
manufacturing city. Its trade is at this time rapidly increasing. 
A large extent of territory, densely populated and rich in agricul- 
tural resources, through the construction of new lines of railway, 
has recently been opened wp and made tributary to the place. 
Other new sections, hitherto unknown to Zanesville merchants, will 
become their most profitable customers. The effect of this is 
becoming manifest. In the grand rivalry among the cities of the 
State for commercial power and wealth and secimng an industrial 
IDopulation, the chances for Zanesville are daily brightening. The 
merchants and moneyed men of the j^lace are waking up and 
l)eginning to work for the futui'e. Relying hitherto on natural 
• ti-ade and advantages, those who were looked to for the control of 
its business enterprises slumbered. Now the streets are thronged 



THE KETAIL TRADE. 47 

daily, merchants from long distances are coming here to lay in 
their supplies of goods, the business houses present that stirring, 
active api^earance that indicates energy and assures thrift, A larger 
trade has been had the present spring, in all departments of busi- 
ness, than was ever before known, and every movement indicates 
that the present stimulus is only the beginning of new, varied and 
productive enterprises. 

Eetail Trade. — The capital employed in merchandizing in Zanes- 
ville is large. The industry is varied. It is a growing one. Every 
day adds something to what was before established. What yester- 
day was combined with other branches of business becomes to day 
a specialty. Each department of trade is conducted as a separate 
and distinct pursuit. The dry goods business has no connection 
with the family grocery, the drug and the book trade main- 
tain independent relations, the merchant tailor, the gents' 
furnishing store, trespasses in no manner upon the trade which the 
milliner or mantua maker considers her exclusive privilege to 
monopolize ; the jeweler does not come in competition with the 
hardware dealer, the toy shop is distinct from the china store, and 
the shoe man finds no competitor in him who deals in fancy goods. 
Each promotes his own industry in his own way ; and the Zanes- 
ville merchants have secured a standmg for integrity and prompt- 
ness not second to those of any other city. "As a class they are 
eminently conservative, and ''fair dealing" may be set down as 
their motto. The retail business, in all its most imjiortant depart- 
ments, has grown much beyond the natural support of the com- 
mimity immediately dependant upon the trade of the city for its 
supplies, because sustained to quite an extent by support received 
from people residing in neighboring towns and in adjoining 
counties. Zanesville possesses the monopoly of the retail trade 
for quite an extent of country; no rival cities are near to share the 
demand for stoxe supplies, and the facility with which the city can 
be reached justifies persons from quite a distance coming here to 
make their purchases. Few other cities of the same population can 
boast of more elegant and finished store rooms than can here be 
seen, or larger or better selected stocks of goods than are here 
mamtained. And few cities are better situated to secure a large 
retail trade in every department than is Zanesville. This is manifett 
from the dense rural population that must be gathered in its 
vicinity, the solid character of the surrounding farming community, 
the dependance upon the place of such a large extent of territory 
for whatever is needed in the domestic economy or that taste and 
the requirements of the times demands and the further fact that it 



48 THE JOBBING TRADE, COMMERCLVL ADVANTAGES. 

is SO situated that all the mining towns covering quite an extent of 
teiTitory necessarily look to Zanesville as the place from which all 
their supplies must be obtained. Hence the retail merchant who 
establishes himself in Zanesville, if in the possession of business 
cajiacity and integrity, need not entertain any fears as to ultimate 
success. The position of the j)lace to secure trade is really un- 
rivalled, the field for operation extensive, and the present is the 
golden time to come and occupy. 

The Jobbing Trade. — The Jobbing business of Zanesville will 
compare favorably with that of any other city of like population in 
the entire country. The proprietors of the principal wholesale 
houses are, for the most part, old citizens of the place, identified 
with its prosperity, conservative as business men, and on account 
of their prudence, good judgment and honorable dealing, have 
secured the confidence of merchants and traders generally 
throughout South-eastern Ohio. Many of the oldest and most 
extensive buyers of tliis section, who in former j^ears were in the 
habit of visiting the Eastern markets as frequently as twice in each 
year, have of late foimd the terms and the quality and extent of 
the goods of the Zanesville wholesale houses such that their pur- 
chases are all made here. Here are found wholesale houses of 
dry goods, groceries, notions, boots, shoes and leather, hardware, 
clothing, hats and caps, china and queensware, books and station- 
ery, drugs and medicines, millineiy and straw goods, clocks, 
watches and jewelry, and wall paper and carpet ware rooms. Be- 
sides these are numerous retail houses largely engaged in the 
wholesale business. Country merchants can here find evei-y 
article necessary for the outfit of a complete variety store, such 
stores as are generally fotmd throughout the country and in the 
smaller towns and villages. The capital employed in the wholesale 
trade is already large, and the opening up of new channels of 
trade and the rapid development of the resoui'ces of this section of 
Ohio have had the efiect to stimulate the capital akeady emploj'ed to 
increased activity, and in\'ite hither new investments for tlie prose- 
cution of this business. 

Commercial Advantages. — That Zanesville possesses great ad- 
vantages for becoming a commercial city must be manife-st upon a 
little reflection. The advantages it possesses in this particular are 
not inferior to its advantages as a manufacturing city. Consider, 
for a moment the position it commands, and 

First, Geographical Fosition. — It is situated in the heart of the 
mineral wealth of the State, on a river that furnishes unlimited 
water power, and extraordinary facilities for transportation, and 



TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES, TERRITORY TO BE SUPPLIED. 49 

in addition has the choice and the advantage of all the lines here 
converging for gaining the markets of the country, with its wealth 
of minerals and its manufactured products. These minerals have 
hitherto been shut out from market, and closed against capital and 
industry. The coal that fills the hills of South-eastern Ohio is just 
coming into demand, and Zanesville is the natural base for supply- 
ing as well as distributing this coal to all sections where it is 
wanted. The coal business is in its infancy. It is destined, at no 
distant day, to become an immense one, employing more capital in 
its conduct than any other business which may be prosecuted. It 
is now attracting and arresting the attention of capitalists, not only 
of Ohio but of other and distant States, and the effect is becoming 
apparent in the increased trade and business which always accom- 
pany the employment of cajjital and industry. 

Second, Transportation Facilities. — The facilities for transporta- 
tion have been hitherto considered. Still they cannot be dwelt 
upon too earnestly. In this respect Zanesville is not excelled by 
the most favored places. Observation and history confirm the 
statement that all large manufacturing and commercial cities are 
located on navigable water courses. Cities so located, having also 
railroad facihties, possess a great advantage over cities in the inte- 
rior with equal or like railroad facilities. Water courses wiH al- 
ways furnish the cheapest road bed for heavy freights, and serve as 
an equalizer of commercial rates of transportation. 

Third, Territory to he Supplied. — Zanesville commands the trade 
of a large extent of territory, a larger extent of territory than any 
other city of Ohio. Open the map. Observe the position. Al- 
most the entire mineral region of Ohio is directly and immediately 
tributary to it. Being situated in the heart of this region, and so 
situated, too, that all rival cities are more remote from even the 
extremes of this territory than is Zanesville, with such an advan- 
tage in respect to business, there is no reason, other things being 
equal, why it should not secure and hold, substantially, the trade of 
all this region. When prices are equal, that community or city will 
sell most which has the advantage of transportation in its favor. 
And not merely the trade of South-eastern Ohio does it command. 
Open the map again. See West Virginia bordering Ohio on the 
South-east. The "trade of Zanesville can and does reach over into 
this State. A large portion of this State, too, its largest half, is 
nearer Zanesville than any other city. With railroads extending 
direct from Zanesville to a half dozen different points on the Ohio 
river, the Western border of this State, with the addition, too, of wa- 
ter communication with its entire North-western border, there is nq 
(7) 



50 POPULAllDN AND WEALTH OF THIS SECTION. 

reason why a very large proportion of the trade of this State should 
not come to Zanesville as its natui-al business center. The lumber 
of West Virginia, which Zanesville already wants to some extent, 
and which it will continue to want more and more, and the manu- 
factured wares of various kinds which the people of this State will 
require from Zanesville, and which can be obtained here cheaper 
than elsewhere, must have the effect, in due time, to establish an 
active intercoiu'se and build up a large trade between this city and 
the different sections of the State. So far as trade is concerned, 
and business intercoui'se, there is a homogeneity of interest between 
South-eastern Ohio and "West Virginia. 

Fourth, Extent of Population. — This mineral region of Ohio, 
of which Zanesville is the business center, is destined to be the 
most populous section of the State. It is, in fact, already so. 
According to the census of 1870, the twenty seven mineral Counties 
of Ohio contained one-fourth of its entire population. During 
the last two or three years there has been a rapid increase of popu- 
lation in this section. New towns are coming into existence almost 
daily, wherever the mining interests are developing. And this is 
only the beginning. Marvelous changes are already taking place, 
and still more marvelous ones remain to be disclosed. And all 
this population must look to Zanesville for its suj)plies. What 
must be its effect upon the future of the city ? 

Fifth, Wealth of this Section. — As this mineral section is des- 
tined to be the most populous, so also is it to become the wealthiest 
section of the State. This is manifest. The furnaces, the rolling 
mills, the rail mills, the locomotive works, the nail mills, the ma- 
chine shops, all require capital in their establishment and prosecu- 
tion, and all accumulate capital to a larger extent than any other 
industries. That such establishments will, in a very few years, be 
found scattered through this entire mineral region is as certain as 
that the raw material they grow upon hei-e exists. Why not ? 
The ore. the coal, the limestone, the productive soil and conse- 
quently cheap living, the transportation, all, all, are here and here 
abound. AVliy, therefore, should not this, according to territory, 
bo the wealthiest section of Ohio, and Zanesville its wealthiest city, 
among the wealthiest in the West ? Indeed the richest portion of 
this mineral region, that which contains the ore and the coal to the 
greatest extent, is so near as to become, practically, a suburb of 
Zanesville. The great coal fields of Ferry County, the greatest in 
the' West, probably ^thc greatest in the United States, if not in the 
world, are within twenty miles of Zanesville, and a doirn grade the 
cniirr. distance until near the corporation line of Zanesville. Ther'eis 



AGRICULTUHE, MANUFACTUKING AND MINING. 51 

no other city that is not situated more than twice this distance 
from the coal fields, and the grade is against every one. Such facts 
need no comment. 

Sixth, Agricidiure of the Mining Begion. — The surface of the en- 
tire region of South-eastern Ohio, the character of its soil, the 
extent and variety of its products, the mixed husbandry that pre- 
vails, the farming poj)ulation, are all very similar to what has been 
said in these respects of Muskingum County in the former part of 
this pamphlet. Wlmt is true of this immediate section is triio of 
the entii'e region. This has much to do in determining the future 
of the city which is the business centre of the region and which 
fui-nishes its supplies. 

Seventh, A 3Ianufactaring Necessarily a Commercial City. — 
The fii-st essential want of any productive community is markets, 
where to dispose of the sm-j)lus products that may be created at 
profitable prices, be these products mechanical or agricultural. 
Markets area want of population in all lands. Poj)ulation adds 
value to lands and property of every kind, and is, therefore, one of 
the princii^al sources and causes of wealth, because it creates a 
market by causing a demand for property and products ; it 
enhances their price and value, rewards the producer for his in- 
dustry, and encourages and increases industry and production. 
Population thus creates markets, and where the t^ ^eat producers 
of wealth, agriculture and manufactures, are so nearly allied as 
here, where they both exist in the same community, or within the 
same region of territory, that population will vary according as 
these interests multiply and grow. Having the manufacturing and 
agricultural facilities here to such an extent as has hitherto been 
shown, it follows that the trade and commerce of the place should 
exist in a lilie corresponding extent. The wants of a people are 
mutual, they are complementary The country needs the proditc- 
tion of the manufacturing city, and the city needs the supplies the 
country affords. Thus trade is built up, commerce extended and 
prosperity and wealth secui-ed. 

Eighth, Mining Companies. — A large extent of territory situated 
South from Zanesville, comprising the Soath-western part of 
Muskingum County, the South half of Perry, a large part of Hock- 
ing and Athens and the Western portion of Morgan Counties, is 
now attracting the attention of capitalists of distant sections and 
States, with the view of opening up and developing the mmerals of 
this section. Numerous Mining Companies have ah-eady been 
organized, some with an authorized capital running into millions, 
and quite a number are already at work, operating where railroad 



52 THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED 

lines have made these minerals accessible. The amount of coal 
now mined and transported from this region to other sections, 
North and North-west, is great, but it is not a tithe of the amount 
that will be mined in a very few years, when the projected lines of 
railroad shall penetrate these vast coal and ore fields. These 
Mining Companies, as Zanesville is in the immediate vicinity of 
their ojieration, must necessarily come here for their suppHes of 
whatever character. Their works are all tributary to this place, 
and the commerce of the city with these mining communities must 
become great, immense, sufficient of itself to sustain and build up a 
city. 

Things to he Considered. — But Zanesville can never realize the ad- 
vantages its splendid facilities afford without effort. The trade of a 
vast and rich coimtry is natui'ally tributary to its command. This can- 
not be secured without exertion. Energetic rivals are seeking that 
which here belongs. Any city possessing a net work of railways nec- 
essarily draws an immense commerce. The meshes which so closely 
interlace all the adjacent; country always gather rich treasui'es from 
the channels of trade. It is necessary that an eye should be had to 
what is transpiring in other sections and neighborhoods. It is 
sometimes the case that the energy of an uulineal competitor 
usurps the legitimate honors of an imperial heir. 

Zanesville cannot afford to continue the masterly inactivity of 
the old regime. A traditional and passive trust in the efficacy of 
"natural advantages" is no longer a wise or a safe policy. The 
exertion must here be put forth equal to the strength and worthy 
the opportunities of the i)lace. Plans for the future must be 
formed, improvements, public and private, j)rojected, and all pressed 
forward with an energy defiant of failure. With resolute aim and 
firmness of nerve in execution, Zanesville need not have any fear of 
rivalry. With a liberal and enlightened public sentiment, with a 
genei'ous fostering of mercantile and manufacturing enterprises, in 
the march of progress Zanesville will keep equal step with any 
other community. 



CHAPTER VI. 



Public Improvements of Zanesville — Watek Works — Fire App.vr 
atos^Gas Works — P.\rk» — School Buildings — Cejietehies — Con- 
clusion. 

Water Works. — Among the public improvements of Zanesville 
deserving first consideration may be named its Water Works. For 
aflbrding water at a cheap rate, supplying the manufacturing estab- 



tVATER WORKS, FIRE APPARATUS. 53 

lishments of the city with this needed element, and as a protection 
of the property of the place against destruction by fire, the ^nes. 
ville Water Works proves a value to its citizens beyond computation. 
These works now consist of two power houses and three reservoirs, 
one jDOwer house and one reservoir being constructed during the 
year 1873. These reservoirs are all at an elevation of about two 
hundred and fifty feet above the level of the river, and have a 
capacity of about five millions of gallons. At the new reservoir a 
stand pipe with pvimp has been erected, designed to distribute 
water to residences which, on account of their elevation, have been 
deprived of the water supply. Now all parts of the city are alike 
accommodated. The number of miles of street pipe, (cast iron) or 
water mains, is a little over twenty-seven miles, saying nothing of 
side pipe or laterals. Fire plugs are arranged at convenient dis- 
tances along the entire length of pipe, and in addition there are 
numerous private or individual fire plugs. The total j)umping 
capacity of the engines to supply the reservoirs is foiu' millions of 
gallons every twenty-four hours, a capacity sufficient to supply 
daily, to each of the present inhabitants of the city, over two hun- 
dred and tbirty-five gallons of water. The entire cost of the 
Water Works, including power houses, reservoirs, street and lateral 
pipes, fire plugs, and all ai^jDaratus for rendering the works availa- 
ble, has been about four hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The 
receipts for water rents, after paying the expenses of nmnjng the 
works and keeping the same in repair, are applied to extending the 
water mains as they may be required, and the other expenditures of 
the city. As illustrative of the public advantages afforded by the 
Water Works, there are in the city about one hundred street 
splinklers, abuut fifty private sprinklers, nine public watering 
troughs, and in addition forty-five steam engines are supplied with 
water from the reservoir. 

Fire Apparatus. — There are within the city nine fire engine and 
hose houses, one in each ward, and for each one of these there is a 
hose carriage, with hose, ladders and other fire apparatus there- 
with connected. Fire engines have not yet been introduced, the 
security against fire being considered ample without them. .By 
simply attaching the hose to the fire plugs water is thrown, by 
pressure alone, in such an abundance and to such a height as to 
render the danger of destruction by fire a matter of small consider- 
ation. The manufacturing establishments throughout the city have 
water pipes running through them with fire plugs, thus securing 
additional protection against fire. Insurance throughout the city 
is at the lowest rates, and with a single exception no extensive fire 



54 PARKS, CEMETERIES, GAS WORKS, SCHOOL BUILDINGS. 

lias occurred in the city since the establishment of the Water Works, 
thirty years ago. The inhabitants, rich and poor alike, feel a degree 
of security and freedom from fear of danger to property and life," 
rarely enjoyed by those of other cities. Indeed, under ordinary 
circumstances, it may be considered absolutely imj)ossible for any 
fire, whether the result of accident or design, tb here become exten- 
sive in its proportions or disastrous in its consequences. 

Parks and Public Grounds. — Zanesville contains two Parks, one, 
Cliffwood, unenclosed, containing eleven and one half acres, and the 
other, Mclntire Park, enclosed, containing eleven acres. These 
Parks are each not more than ten minutes walk from the central 
portion of the city. These grounds are desirable and eligibly sit- 
uated, and in futm-e years will be regarded with favor by every 
citizen. There is in addition, the Coui't House Groimds, on which 
there is soon to be erected a large, elegant and massive Coiu-t 
House, and the Mclntire Square, set apart for the erection of a 
High School building. 

Cemeteries. — The city has two Cemeteries, covering about thirty- 
five acres. The CathoHcs have a Cemetery of their own, and 
there is in addition Woodlawn Cemetery. This last contains sixty 
acres, and is imder the management of an incorjsorated association. 
The grounds are beautifully located and beautifully laid off and 
arranged. All these Cemeteries are within the corporation, and 
the City Council has now under consideration a proposition to 
secure a large tract of land accessible, as near the city limits as is 
practicable, for Cemetery purposes. 

Gas Works. — The Gas which supplies the city and its inhabitants 
is furnished by a comj)any operating luider a charter granted in 
1848. The gas furnished is considered of the best quality, being six- 
teen candle gas, and there is in the city about thirteen miles of 
main pipe, eight hundred and forty metres, and at this time two 
hundred and forty -nine public lamps, with a contract between the 
city and the Gas Company for some fifty additional lamps dui'ing 
the cm'rent year. 

School Buildings. — -Zanesville is well supplied with School Build- 
ings, two new ones being erected the past year, and some of these 
are large structures, accommodating four to six schools. Every 
facility for establishing first class schools has here been j^rovided, 
adequate buildings, most improved school and scientific apparatus, 
music, ample grounds, whatever the wants of the patrons and the 
Kpirit of the times has seemed to demand. All that remains is a 
suitable High School building, and this will be provided at an early 
day. 



MAKKET HOUSE, CONCLUSION- 55 

JfarI.et House. — Few finer or more extensive Market House 
structures can be found in Ohio, or elsewhere, than is the one in 
Zanesville, erected in 1864. It is two hundred and eighty feet 
long, thirty-six feet wide, two stories in height, with shed or bal- 
conies on each side, twelve feet wide, extending the entire length of 
the building, the first story being devoted to market purposes, the 
second containing Mayor's ofiice. City Clerk's office. City Engineer's 
office. Board of Education rooms, Council Chamber, and in addition 
a large City Hall. 

Conclusion. — From what has been shown in the preceding j)ages 
it must be manifest that Zanesville commands not only a desirable 
but a first class position. It commands the key that must unlock 
for its citizens, in the not distant future, a wealth imtold, that can- 
not be computed. The conviction is now entertained, pretty gen- 
erally, that the city has a future, — a future not of a fictitious or 
unhealthy growth, but of an increasing, a solid and enduring 
wealth. All that is now required is a capital that shall be active, a 
skilled labor that shall be judiciously employed, a will that no 
obstacles can thwart, and there will follow increased development, 
prosperity and jirogress. The day is not distant when Zanesville vnll 
occuj)y a place in relation to the more important cities of the State 
much in advance of that which it has heretofore occupied. It must 
necessarily appreciate more and more in imj)ortance with 
each passing year. Judging from what has been accomplished 
during the last two or three years, and what is being now accom 
plished, taking into consideration the advantages of every kind 
possessed, Zanesville must become, at an early day, to South-eastern 
Ohio what Pittsburg is to Western Pennsylvania. Hitherto 
Zanesville has not improved as have many other cities of Ohio, 
because, with a single exception, situated ofi' from the great 
through lines of railroad crossing the State from the East to the 
West. It has only been, until recently, so far as railroad advan- 
tages were concerned, little else than a railway station. But as 
new lines of railway are opened up, and others are in prospect^ 
furnishing competing routes for trade and transportation, a new 
impulse is at once imparted to business, and that which heretofore 
has seemed to languish assumes new life and is inaugurated ^^ith 
increased energy. And now such is the location, such the impulse 
to manufacturing industry and commercial activity, a thousand 
considerations urge upon the drifting capital and energy of the 
country to come and take possession. To the skilled artisan a 
cordial welcome is extended, to the active capitalist remunerative 
business is promised, to all, the field for reaping golden harvests, in 
a more than agricultural sevtSe, is inviting,' 



56 APPENDIX. 



APPENDIX. 

A change having recently been made in the mode of administer- 
ing the Mclntire school fund alluded to on page 28, of which the 
writer was ignorant at the time the foregoing pages were printed, 
one of the Trustees of said fund has presented the following state- 
ment of the manner in which this fund is now made available to 
meet the purposes of the bequest. 

" The Mclntire Estate is vested in the Zanesville Canal and Man 
ufacturing Company as trustee, imder the will of John Mclntire, and 
is managed by the Directors of said company. 

The schools north of Main Street, Zanesville, and East of the 
river are named respectively ' Mclntire School, No. 1, No. 2,' etc. 
Piu'suant to a contract, authorized by statute, between said Direct- 
ors and the Board of Education, said Directors have certain powers 
and control over said schools, and the teachers therein, and furnish 
a specific sum towards their^su^jport. Said Estate also furnishes 
the main support of the Mclntire Children's Home, and supplies books 
and clothing in cases where the terms of the will and the law permit." 



Note. — Owing to the haste in which the foregoing pages have 
passed through the press, a number of errors, typographical and 
in the use of words, have occurred. Such errors, however, the 
reader will be able to detect, and it has been deemed unnecessary 
to make the corrections here. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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